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My take on Rajdeep Sardesai blog “We are all part of circus- Sushant-Rhea case”

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Dear Rajdeepji

Through your blog titled “We are all part of the circus -Sushan–Rhea case” you make some gross  imputation that- the case does not warrant engagement of three premier investigations agencies and their involvement is linked to brow beating attempt by the centre. The SSR death is being exploited by politicians, public is taking voyeuristic delight in following SSR case and due to which the TV channels are giving inordinate coverage to this case setting aside other major concerns facing the Nation. True to your track record in journalism career here again you have got carried away and failed to take note of the important facets of the case. Thus all your accusations fall flat when analyzed with logical perspective.

What possibly could have been a suicide case has been escalated to death under mysterious circumstances, not ruling out a possibility of homicide, only because of the Local investigating agencies’ inept handling of the inquest into SSR’s unnatural death. Right from failure to keep intact the scene of crime (suicide too is a crime), not investigating call details of the deceased, not finding the room key, not locating the key maker who broke open the door,  accepting a suspicious post-mortem report at its face value, absence of suicide letter and above all allowing the white washing of the full flat  etc all these  irregularities  just does not invoke enough confidence that all was well with the investigation proceedings.

I am sure having been in the news reporting industry you would realize that tips concerning many of this short comings and flawed investigation must have been leaked by some insiders in the police force. There was no way Media would have come to know all these fallacies on their own. It should be clear to you by now that within the police force itself there is a section that does not buy the suicide theory. Any layman can deduce that the overt eagerness of the govt machinery to stand in defense of MS Rhea Chackraborty in itself presents the greatest motivation for the Media to probe further. It is very much akin to waving red flag to media bulls.

Your caviling at the flip flops of various theories coming from media concerning the SSR death like-  Bollywood nepotism, abetment to suicide, drug induced depression, to finally cold blooded murder- is very amusing. Right at the beginning of a case revolving around a death of a celebrity under mysterious circumstances one does not expect the media to hit the bull’s eye. Given media’s natural tendency to sensationalize things I am sure you would give that much leeway to various theories that was sprung up by media investigations. This should not be an alien subject to you having run various sensationalizing media campaigns targeting individuals and political organization.

That premier National investigating agencies, NCB, ED, and CBI are involved in a case of unnatural death of an individual has you bemused and quite skeptical about the need for it.  You should recall that even before CBI was directed to take over the case by Supreme Court, ED had got involved in the case having studied various intriguing money transactions. It was through probing by ED that possible Drug link to the money transactions were suspected and NCB thought it fit to come in.

You are trivializing the NCB findings and their investigation by reducing the entire sordid drug trafficking to few grams of commonly available Marijuana found in the possession of accused. You seem to pick and choose facts so as to suit your agenda, which in this case seems to establish witch hunting by the NCB. The whats  app message trail clearly indicate dealing in high end drugs. Please evoke your common sense, drugs like Marijuana are cheap priced ones and has easy availability. It does not need sophisticated peddlers. Cash in thousands has been withdrawn frequently to buy drugs and definitely it cannot be for buying the poor man’s Ganja. In rich circles doping on weeds is like serving country liquor instead of premium brand alcohol.

As a matter of fact any responsible citizen, should be happy that some serious work is on into the drug menace which has been posing serious threat to the well being of the society. One should be really  concerned at the various crimes and anti national acts that get funded by illicit drug money. Sadly enough you are not only trying to belittle efforts of NCB you are also politicizing it. Very regrettably when it comes to you and your ilk, who practice reductionist political reporting since 2014, the root cause of entire evil afflicting the world can be traced to Modi govt.        

Your Left Liberal club of journalists politicized Gauri Lankesh murder to target Hindu outfits but it turned out that her murderer was a Congress MLC. Some media outfits from your  fraternity politicized Phulwama killing by publishing the caste identity of martyred soldiers. The political parties that you take cudgels for politicized surgical strike demanding proof, they politicized Justice Lohia’s death seeing devious plot behind a heart attack and news anchors like you covered the same with numerous insinuations to indict BJP leadership, the unfortunate pandemic situation in the country has been  politicized and even various Judicial verdicts not in favor were politicized by you guys. Not long ago Rohit Vemula suicide was exploited by the opposition parties playing Dalit politics over it. Notwithstanding all this past events you find Bihar politicians extracting mileage out of SSR’s death an  highly abhorrent ploy.

It is a preposterous attempt by you to indict the viewers of Nationalistic TV channels (that you constantly strive to belittle) holding them responsible for the TV channels carrying on this ceaseless  coverage of  SSR death side lining other important National news. People try to watch what they like to watch and by the way TV is not the only source of news to common man – they have print media and  web news media to get the input they need on the subjects  like COVID, economy, China threat etc  that you berated are not getting due coverage. We are sure your channel must be covering all those national issues you highlighted, but despite such coverage if you are still lagging far behind the nationalistic TV channels in viewership preference, then it has to do something with your credibility. Over the years people have correctly downsized you.

Viewed from a sympathetic perspective we take pity on your plight. The politicians would not have qualms about switching sides and burying up their old ideologies and adopting to new ones. But you guys irretrievably get hooked on to your ideology in a manner that you all would rather admit your personal fallibility than acknowledge the frailty of your ideology. It exposes the hypocrisy in the way  the  bigoted lots like you accuse others of bigotry.  

The entire process of mention in your blog concerning SSR unnatural death is revolving around  conjuring up a BJP and Modi factor that is exploiting it. We would urge you to reflect on this  hypothetical situation, that in Maharashtra instead of Agadi Sarkar if BJP govt was in seat and with such a botched up investigation by police what would have been your approach to this case. In your answer be true to your conscience.   

यह कैसा लोकतंत्र जहां विरोध स्वीकार नहीं

क्या लोकतांत्रिक सरकार की यही कार्यशैली है? महाराष्ट्र की राजनीति में इस वक्त भूचाल आया हुआ है।

जिस प्रकार से बीएमसी ने अवैध बताते हुए नोटिस देने के 24 घंटो के भीतर ही एक अभिनेत्री के दफ्तर पर बुलडोजर चलाया और अपने इस कारनामे के लिए कोर्ट में मुंह की भी खाई उससे राज्य सरकार के लिए भी एक असहज स्थिति उत्पन्न हो गई है। इससे बचने के लिए भले ही शिवसेना कहे कि यह बीएमसी का कार्यक्षेत्र है और सरकार का उससे कोई लेना देना नहीं है लेकिन उस दफ्तर को तोड़ने की टाइमिंग इस बयान में फिट नहीं बैठ रही। क्योंकि बीएमसी द्वारा इस कृत्य को ऐसे समय में अंजाम दिया गया है जब कुछ समय से उस अभिनेत्री और शिवसेना के एक नेता के बीच जुबानी जंग चल रही थी। लेकिन उससे भी महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य यह है कि पूरी मुंबई अवैध निर्माण अतिक्रमण और जर्जर इमारतों से त्रस्त है। अतिक्रमण की बात करें तो चाहे मुंबई के फुटपाथ हों चाहे पार्क कहाँ अतिक्रमण नहीं है? और जर्जर इमारतों की बात करें तो अभी लगभग दो महीने पहले ही मुंबई में दो जर्जर इमारतों के गिरने से कई लोगों को अपनी जान से हाथ धोना पड़ा और कितने ही घायल हो गए। बरसात के मौसम में मुंबई का डूबना तो अब खबर भी नहीं बनती लोग इसके आदि हो चुके हैं। फिर भी कोरोना काल और मानसून के इस मौसम में एक विशेष बिल्डिंग के निर्माण में कानून के पालन को निश्चित करने में बीएमसी की तत्परता ने पूरे देश को आकर्षित कर दिया।

दरअसल यहाँ बात एक अभिनेत्री की नहीं बल्कि बात इस देश के किसी भी नागरिक के संवैधानिक अधिकारों की है। बात किसी तथाकथित अवैध निर्माण को गिरा देने की नहीं है बल्कि बात तो सरकार की अपने देशवासियों के प्रति दायित्वों की है।

हमारे यहाँ कहा जाता है, प्रजासुखे सुखं राज्ञः प्रजानां तु हिते हितं।” अर्थात प्रजा के सुख में राजा का सुख है प्रजा के हित में राजा का हित है।

भारत एक ऐसा देश है जो सदियों ग़ुलामी की जंजीरों में जकड़ा रहा और  जिसकी पीढ़ियों ने इस आज़ादी के लिए संघर्ष किया। आज जब  उस आज़ाद देश में  एक ऐसा अपराधी जो मोस्ट वांटेड है उसकी प्रॉपर्टी सीना ताने खड़ी रहती है लेकिन एक टैक्सपेयर की बिल्डिंग तोड़ दी जाती है। जब कोर्ट द्वारा उस अपराधी की 80 साल पुरानी जर्जर एवं अवैध बिल्डिंग को नेस्तनाबूद करने के एक साल पुराने आदेश के बावजूद मानसून का हवाला देकर उसे हाथ तक नहीं लगाया जाता। जब  30 सितंबर तक कोरोना के चलते किसी भी तोड़ फोड़ पर  सुप्रीम कोर्ट द्वारा रोक लगाई जाने के बावजूद एक महिला की बिल्डिंग पर बुलडोजर चला दिया जाता है। जब सरकार विरोधी रिपोर्टिंग करने के कारण कुछ पत्रकारों को जेल में डाल दिया जाता है।जब सोशल मीडिया पर सरकार विरोधी कुछ सामग्री पोस्ट करने के कारण किसी दल विशेष के कार्यकर्ता एक पुर्व नौसेना अधिकारी पर हिंसक आक्रमण करते हैं। तो एक आम आदमी की नज़र में अभिव्यक्ति की आज़ादी, लोकतांत्रिक मूल्यों, संविधान के प्रति आस्था, न्यायालय के आदेशों का सम्मान जैसे शब्दों की नींव ही हिल जाती है। आज जब उस देश में एक महिला के लिए सत्तारूढ़ दल के एक नेता द्वारा  आपत्तिजनक शब्दों का प्रयोग किया जाता है तो जिन महिला अधिकारों महिला सशक्तिकरण महिला अस्मिता जैसे शब्दों का प्रयोग तथाकथित लिबरलस द्वारा किया जाता है उन शब्दों का खोखलापन उभर कर सामने आ जाता है।

राजनैतिक दृष्टि से भी महाराष्ट्र सरकार द्वारा उठाए जा रहे यह कदम अपरिपक्वता ही दर्शाते हैं। क्योंकि कंगना को भी पूरी तरह सही नहीं कहा जा सकता। जिस प्रकार की भाषा और जिन तेवरों का प्रयोग वो महाराष्ट्र और वहाँ की सरकार के लिए लगातार कर रही थीं वो निश्चित ही अपमानजनक थे। हो सकता है वो जानबूझकर किसी मकसद से ऐसा कर रही हों। लेकिन सत्ता में रहते हुए गुंडागर्दी करना किसी भी परिस्थिति में जायज नहीं ठहराए जा सकते।महाराष्ट्र सरकार की गलती यही रही कि वो कंगना की चाल में फंस गई और कंगना ने पब्लिक की सहानुभूति हासिल कर ली। जबकि महाराष्ट्र सरकार अगर राजनैतिक दूरदृष्टि और समझ रखती तो कंगना की इस राजनीति का जवाब राजनीति से देती अपशब्दों और हिंसा से नहीं। इस प्रकार की हरकतों से शिवसेना ने अपना कितना नुकसान किया है उसे शायद अंदाज़ा भी नहीं है। कांग्रेस के साथ मिलकर सरकार बनाना, सुशांत केस में महाराष्ट्र पुलिस की कार्यशैली, और अब कंगना के बयानों पर हिंसक प्रतिक्रिया।

कहते हैं लोकतंत्र में जनभावनाओं को समझना ही जीत की कुंजी होती है लेकिन शिवसेना लगातार अपने पैरों पर कुल्हाड़ी मार रही है। 1966 में बनी एक पार्टी जिसकी पहचान आजतक केवल एक क्षेत्रीय दल के रूप में है। वो पार्टी जो अपने ही गढ़ महाराष्ट्र में भी एक अल्पमत की सरकार चला रही है। ऐसी पार्टी जो आजतक महाराष्ट्र से बाहर अपनी जमीन नहीं खड़ी कर पाई। एक ऐसी पार्टी जिसकी लोकसभा में उपस्थित मात्र 3.3% है, अपनी इन हरकतों से कहीं महाराष्ट्र में भी अपनी बची कुची जमीन ना गंवा बैठे।

डॉ नीलम महेंद्र

(लेखिका वरिष्ठ स्तंभकार हैं।)

Creation of Misogynistic “Timmaurh Khana” in Sushant Singh Rajput Case

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When it comes to the case of Sushant Singh Rajput’s unfortunate demise, I’ve maintained a position that the minimum said about it is maximum. There is already so much noise, with televisions shouting in the peak of their voices that I wanted it all to pass and be over with as soon as possible. Not just that I continuously got pissed by non-visibility of drastically low Indian GDP in the media. But with four of India’s biggest agencies already probing into it and the entire media gawking upon its each and every turn, I was already burning enough with the agony of misplaced priorities that I do not intend to comment or even ponder upon it.

But what made me really distressed about the entire episode was the opening up of India’s feudal misogynistic mindset like a pandora box. The witch hunt style coverage of mainstream media, covers less of the case and more of our mindset as society. Each time, when some news channel does Daily/weekly type prejudiced analysis of a sub-judice matter, it shows us a mirror of how gullible we are to fall for that. When Missmalini like tabloids turn into our all-time news and the news of national interest are reduced to a few tabloids, it tells a tale in itself.

However what pained me most was not the declining standard of Indian media alone. I have long left the hope from them to maintain minimum standards of a dignified coverage, let alone have a feminist outlook in their approach. But I was taken by surprise at a section of woke progressive voices who started commenting on it as it was some Kangana-Rhea feud.

While commenting upon how maliciously ugly turn our Indian media has taken, they did not shy away from blaming the Kangana-Rhea feud blatantly for it. Posts like “No Solidarity For stooges” were shared by one section of woke instragramer’s, while other threw down the gauntlet of being “feminist” by daring to speak up for Kangana, and this activity was despised by many.

The last thing I wanted to witness from this mayhem, was it getting reduced from first mental health awareness, then to ills of nepotism, to plausible Bollywood-underworld mafia, to then nakedness of misogynistic Indian media, into a quarrel between two women alone.

There is a Misogynistic slang in Punjabi for the same called “Timmaurh-khana”, which loosely translates into men generally blaming the tongues of women for all the fights between families and neighborhood. Teemiyaa’n translates to women in Punjabi, and for all deep-rooted flawed conditioning of our patriarchal society, and the quarrels which logically follows it, “teemiyaa’n di Zubaan” or tongue of the women are to be blamed. The absolute worst turn of this entire episode is not just misogynistic outlook of mainstream media against Rhea, but also the comments on such a curated quarrel, because it reduces the entire debate of prevalent misogyny into a mere “Timmaurh-Khana”, which it is not.

In an article by Jyoti Yadev titled as “Kangana Ranaut: Journey from ‘Urban Naxal’ to ‘Macho Nationalist’ in Five Years” she eloquently tells how Kangana once was champion of women at the time of release of Tanu weds Manu and Queen. However the avatar we see of her today is a 180-degree U-turn from that. As much as we have forgone her absolutely bold feminist stands, so has she it seems after establishing herself in a secured place from a struggling position.

Though at the same time she also posts a video, where she is in conversation with her father and he asks her to stay away from the mess. She captions it as “how to handle emotional blackmail at home? Who all relate with this scene in my house today ?” Here she is once again imitating the similar stands which she took years back in the London Summit 2015 ‘Women in the World’, where she expresses that “how disgusted she felt as a child, on being raised like a girl while she wanted very dearly to participate in the political debates happening at the dinner table.”

Can’t tell if she knows that firm feminist positions and Hindu nationalism stands doesn’t really go together. How much as it looks like an attempt of appropriation, I would like to urge and request to all progressive feminist voices to not see it as one. Rather it is a classic example of impacts which patriarchal conditioning has on the most vocal and bold of the women out there. In fact seeing this happen with Kangana, should be an opportunity to check ourselves, have we unlearned the patriarchy enough? Or by falling for Kangana pitted against Rhea do we too exhibit that same hypocrisy?

Don’t we unconsciously fall into the despised narrative of women being women’s worst enemy. Here, let me bring in the rhetoric of Nivedita Menon in which she asks “let us consider a different, rarely-asked question: Why are there no battles for power between men”. She argues that “Because their spheres are entirely different. Because the power game between them is not such that increased power for one means reduced power for the other. But women in virilocal households derive their power solely from men. Power struggles between women are inbuilt in this kind of structure, and are inevitable. This is not because they are ‘women’, but because they are put into positions that are pitted against one another”.

Can this example be taken in the case of self-made actresses as well? Can there be a slightest possibility that women in industries even after having capability to sustain themselves still derive power solely through men in industry, media and politics. Thus while commenting on the debate of misogyny, who are to the real blame, the parochial political agenda? The patriarchal media trial? The outburst on “Timaurh-Khana? Or many more women either pitted or to be pitted against one another?

Why I don’t like the idea of atheism

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I am writing this in response to the incident which happened recently where Armin Navabi posted a derogatory picture of Maa Kali over the internet. Taking this incident as an example I am putting forward my view on why atheism as a concept shall be rejected.

This read is for people who felt bad for disrespect to Armin’s dead mother. Let me ask a simple question: Give me a good logical reason, why the tweet about Armin’s mother is despicable behavior and against Maa (Mother) Kali (One of the many Hindu goddesses) is not?

I am in for all or nothing. Either both are acceptable or both are despicable. Unrestricted FOE comes at a cost. On the basis of principle, Fair game in the FOE/FOS arena. My mother (Hindu Goddess) commands no respect from you, hence your mother commands no respect from me. People who still feel it is bad to pull her dead mother in conversation.

Let’s analyze it from an ideal atheist viewpoint:

The prerequisite of an atheist is they view everything objectively & rationally. Emotions aside, Armin’s mother is dead and the tweets on the dead body may seem vile to many but for an atheist, the body is just a borrowed piece of this planet in process of decomposition and a bunch of carbon molecules ready to be disintegrated. Why so much fuss about some carbon molecules? On a daily basis, we all walk & trample upon the remains of each other’s forefather (Now the topsoil). Will you find it despicable from an intellectual viewpoint?

There is a difference between a living entity and a dead one purely from an objective viewpoint. Emotions for a non-existent entity is a hallmark of theism, not atheism. Jokes were for the dead body (Armin’s dead mother) something gathered overtime which was just another piece of the planet. Why should an ideal atheist feel bad about it? Many people argue “but Armin’s mother was a real person unlike your Maa Kali (Mother Kali, a Hindu Goddess) which didn’t exist”? Even Countries & their boundaries don’t have any physical existence. It is just an idea endowed upon & endorsed by a huge group of people. It is called the agreed convention. Try explaining this logic to custom immigration officers when you visit any country without a visa. You will be put behind bars in no time.

Emotions for the non-real entities are as real as for a living entity. Take an example of a national flag, objectively viewing it is just a piece of cloth. But the symbolism attached to it makes it so real that soldiers sacrifice their lives for it. But the bigger question is if Armin is really standing up for the cause of atheism? Blasphemy was never a thing in India and even today it is not. You are allowed to intellectual debate about the existence of God, even question their existence. But Armin never attempts to put forward his criticism but choose to post derogatory image. Let me know how will posting a derogatory image can help to forward his case of atheism in intellectual discourse. Expect for increasing some deranged followers count and RTs how will it further his viewpoint on atheism? Is he really champion for his atheism cause?

The price, an absolute atheism demand is no one willing to pay. All I can see these peoples as half baked atheists willing to take only half measures, not courageous enough to walk all the way. In short, atheists are just a bunch of hypocrites motivated by convenience, not principle. I never understood the end goal of atheism. Do they want to convert the whole world atheists or to make society better?

Once the whole world is atheist, the vacuum will be filled by some new Hoolahoopa religion of different nature. Human minds abhor a vacuum. Society deprived of emotions will be hell on earth. I am not talking about a half-baked atheists who may be emotional. Absolute atheism demands no emotion. Objectivity without subjectivity doesn’t demand or care for emotion. Why should anybody feel emotion for a bunch of cells which are in process of dying? In the atheist world, they think their truth is the only truth.

Let me remind people that the most violent & cruel human ever walked on the planet who believed their truth is the only absolute truth. Our sages were wise who said एकम सत विप्रा बहुधा वदन्ति meaning There is only one truth but wise describe it differently. This line is from the most sacred text of Hinduism, Rig-Ved. This realization allows us to co-exist with other religions peacefully. If an Atheist argument is emotions are real, the same emotions gave rise to tribalism & religions. Had there be no emotion there would be no religion in the first place.

The basic tenets of Atheism are against evolution itself. One may feel that atheism will remain in the same harmless form as it is in present today but everything evolves and soon it will reach into an extreme form or peak. Wait for the day when atheism will be more violent than any religion present today.

Are old age homes necessary? – A millennial’s dilemma

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Being a millennial, I was born into an extended family. Unlike today’s generation, who are mostly born into a nuclear family, I wasn’t deprived of the elderly love and care of my grandparents and other relatives. Having had a childhood of growing up in the presence of my grandparents, the whole concept, or the purpose of old age homes seemed alien to me.

Growing up, I unanimously despised everyone who sends their parents or grandparents to old age homes to spend the rest of their lives. Abandoning the elders of our house is still regarded as a sin in the society we live in. Although I could never make peace with it or come in terms with it, I also feel there is much more to ponder upon about the idea rather than scorning with superficial knowledge. I reckon, sometimes, we must look at it as a fact of life. Being prejudiced is being ignorant.

Times change, the ever-changing lifestyle has taught us we are living a life far from the conventional family setting. At times, I even wonder if there is a definitive type of family setting that we could stick to. After all, what ensues with aging is inevitable and unpredictable. At every stage of our life, we tend to feel different about the things we pursue. It alters our perspective.

A good friend of mine, who happened to be a social worker, had a fair amount of experience in working with elderly persons at various retirement homes. He once told me, his tete-a-tete with the senior citizens at the facilities he visited, has changed his perspective about retirement homes. Most people who live there have happily decided to spend their final days at a retirement facility. Retirement facilities act as a home to a lot of like-minded genarians who make a copacetic community suitable for elders. They feel content with their life at this place and stay in touch with their children and grandchildren by paying occasional visits to their homes.

Assisted living facilities are the place where they find solace. Taking care of people at their dotage needs special attention just as an infant or a toddler needs. Unfortunately, many elders do not receive adequate care at their homes. They find living at retirement homes suffices to their health and peace of mind.

Also, a considerable number of old age homes are still run by charitable organizations. Which indeed provides a shelter for the destitute and the homeless. Perhaps, Old age homes are a necessity for such reasons.

As much as I agree or acknowledge the fact that there is a need for old age homes, I will always succumb to pain whenever I encounter old age people who had to move out to live alone at a retirement facility. And even the faintest thought of my son or daughter sending me away to an old age home at my dotage freaks me out. In contrary to what I just said, I may as well grow old to develop a fondness for living at a retirement facility just like most of the elders in contemporary times. Because, times change.

लाल क़िले की प्राचीर से प्रधानमंत्री ने की सदियों पुरानी जड़ता का अंत

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लाल क़िले की प्राचीर से प्रधानमंत्री श्री नरेंद्र मोदी ने भारत के 74वे स्वतंत्रता दिवस सामारोह पर दिए गए भाषण में एक ऐसे विषय को छुआ जो सदियों से उपेक्षित रखा गया था और जिसकी चर्चा समाज में हमेशा पर्दे के पीछे हुआ करती थी। यह रजस्वला स्त्रियों के स्वास्थ्य सबंधित विषय है जो प्रधानमंत्री के भाषण के बाद पर्दे के बाहर आ गया।

20वी-21वी शताब्दी के भारत के लिए स्वास्थ्य और स्वच्छता बड़ी चुनौती रहे हैं। 2014 में प्रधानमंत्री बनने के बाद तो स्वच्छ भारत अभियान की शुरूआत कर श्री नरेंद्र मोदी ने भारत के इस बड़ी समस्या पर सीधा प्रहार किया था। स्वच्छ भारत अभियान के तहत खुले से शौच से मुक्ति का लक्ष्य रखा गया और इसके तहत पूरे देश भर में 9 करोड़ से ऊपर शौचालय का निर्माण करवाया गया जिसके परिणामस्वरूप ग्रामीण भारत में शौचालय की संख्या 40% से बढ़ कर 98% तक पहुँच गयी है। शौचालय निर्माण का अत्यधिक लाभ ग्रामीण भारत की महिलाओं को मिला है जिससे महिला सुरक्षा और स्वास्थ्य की स्तिथि बेहतर हुई है। 

2020 के अपने भाषण में महिला सशक्तिकरण का उल्लेख करते हुए प्रधानमंत्री ने मासिक धर्म के दौरान महिलाओं को होने वाली परेशानी और उसके समाधान का ज़िक्र किया जिसके बाद बंद कमरों में होने वाली यह चर्चा अब आम हो गयी है। स्त्रियों में मासिक धर्म की वजह से स्वास्थ्य सम्बन्धी अनेक समस्याएँ आती रहती है जिसका सीधा असर उनके आत्मविश्वास पर पड़ता हैं। अनेक शोधपत्रों के अनुसार ग्रामीण इलाक़ों की छात्राएँ अक्सर विद्यालय जाना बंद कर देती हैं जिससे उनकी शिक्षा प्रभावित होने लगती है, काम-क़ाज़ी महिलायें काम पर जाना बंद कर देती है जिसके लिए उनके पैसे काट लिए जाते हैं। सामाजिक स्तर पर इन समस्याओं पर चर्चा नहीं होने से महिलाओं के साथ ये अन्याय मानसिकता में इतने रच-बस गए हैं की घर के अंदर भी महिलाओं की इस विषय से सम्बंधित स्वास्थ्य समस्याओं को घर के पुरुष गंभीरता से नहीं लेते। 

स्वास्थ्य संगठनों के अनुसार अगर महिलाएँ अपने मासिक धर्म के दौरान अगर स्वच्छता को विशेष ध्यान में रखते हुए सेनिटरी पैड का इस्तेमाल करें तो अधिकांश समस्याओं से निजात सम्भव हैं। इस सामाजिक समस्या को दूर करने के लिए सरकारी संस्थाए, महिला और स्वास्थ्य से जुड़ी ग़ैर-सरकारी या ग़ैर-लाभकारी निजी संस्थाए अपने अपने स्तर पर प्रयासरत थी, पर ग्रामीण भारत में उतनी सफल नहीं हो पा रही थीं जितना शहरी क्षेत्र में सफलता मिल रही थी। अगर मासिक धर्म से सम्बंधित महिला स्वास्थ्य से जुड़े आँकड़ों पर ध्यान दे तो राष्ट्रीय परिवार स्वास्थ्य सर्वेक्षण 2015-16 के अनुसार बिहार पहले से भी सबसे निचले पायदान पर खड़ा था। ऊपर से बिहार की कुल आबादी का 69% हिस्सा ग्रामीण है जहां न तो ढंग की स्वास्थ्य सुविधाए हैं और न ही सेनिटरी पैड के बारे में जानकारी। 

ऐसे में कोरोना संक्रमण का भारत में आगमन और उसके बाद पूरे देश में लाक्डाउन लगने के बाद बिहार के ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में स्वास्थ्य सेवाएँ चरमरा गयीं। इस विपरीत परिस्थिथि में भी बिहार की एक सामाजिक संस्था “राष्ट्रीय सामाजिक उत्तथान परिषद” की चर्चा उल्लेखनीय है क्यूँकि इस संस्था ने अप्रैल माह से ही इस सामाजिक समस्या को दूर करने के उद्देश्य से “मासिक धर्म स्वच्छता जागरूकता अभियान” चला रहा था। “राष्ट्रीय सामाजिक उत्तथान परिषद” दक्षिण बिहार के अरवल, औरंगाबाद, जहानाबाद और गया क्षेत्र में सामाजिक विकास के कार्य में तत्पर है। 

लाक्डाउन के प्रथम चरण में अपने महिला कर्मियों के माध्यम से सेनिटरी पैड की कमी और उससे होने वाले समस्याओं के बारे में पता चलने के बाद संस्था ने इस विषय में जागरूकता अभियान चलाने का निस्चय किया। इस संस्था के निदेशक रणजीत कुमार ने अपने मित्रों से वित्तिए सहायता माँगी। राजस्थान के एक मित्र, जिनके माता-पिता की शादी की 50वी वर्षगाँठ नज़दीक आ रही थी, ने इस नेक कार्य के लिए वित्तीय सहायता देने की पेशकश की। यह पेशकश इसलिए भी महत्त्वपूर्ण हैं क्यूँकि राजस्थान के एक व्यक्ति बिहार की महिलाओं की सहायता के लिए तैयार हुए और वो भी ताकि अपने माता-पिता की वर्षगाँठ की ख़ुशी जरूरतमंदों को सहायता कर के उनके साथ साझा कर सके। यह भावना और भाव-भंगिमा सनातन संस्कृति के गहरे जड़ों को दर्शाता है। 

वित्तीय संसाधनों के आने के बाद बाज़ार के एक लोकप्रिय ब्रांड के सेनिटरी पैड को थोक मूल्यों पर ख़रीदा गया। अप्रैल माह से शुरू इस जागरूकता अभियान में ग्रामीण क्षेत्र के अलग-अलग गाँव के करीब चार हजार महिलाओं को जोड़ा गया जिसमें 800 स्कूली लड़कियों व कामकाजी महिलाओं को मुफ्त में सैनिटरी पैड दिया गया। अन्य महिलायें घरेलू कार्य में संलग्न महिलायें थी जिनका बाहर आना जाना अत्यंत कम होता है जिसकी वजह से उन्हें सैनिटेरी पैड ख़रीदने में अत्यधिक मुश्किल का सामना करना पड़ता है। संस्था ने ऐसे महिलाओं और उनके परिवारवालों के बीच इस बात की जागरूकता पर भी बल दिया की सैनिटेरी पैड परिवार के मासिक बजट में शामिल की जाए। सैनिटेरी पैड वितरण के आलवा इस बात पर भी जागरूकता फैलायी गयी की इस्तेमाल हुए पैड का कैसे निस्पादन करे जिससे स्वच्छता बनी रहे। 

सीमित संसाधनों के वावजूद यह कार्यक्रम 31 अगस्त तक चलाया गया। हालाँकि 15 अगस्त के प्रधानमंत्री के भाषण में इस विषय पर चर्चा आम हो गयी और संस्था के पास उन ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों से भी फ़ोन आने लगे जहां इसकी पहुँच नहीं थी। विदित हो कि आज भी मासिक धर्म ग्रामीण भारत के लिए एक टैबू है जिसे “राष्ट्रीय सामाजिक उत्थान परिषद” जैसी अनेक संस्थायें तोड़ने के लिए प्रयासरत हैं और प्रधानमंत्री के भाषण के बाद इस कार्य में तेज़ी आएगी।

Marriageable age and the debate

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During his address to the nation on India’s 74th Independence Day, Prime Minister said that the Center has set up a committee to reconsider the minimum age of marriage for woman. The Ministry of Women and Child Development in June 2020 set up a 10-member task force, headed by Jaya Jaitly, to examine the matters related to age of motherhood and lowering maternal mortality rate (MMR).

Should India re-think the age of marriage, in a bid to lower our alarming MMR? Can the sate decide the appropriate age for women and become mothers? And there’s the larger question: will this move actually save Indian mothers?

Where Does India Stand on Maternal Mortality Rate?

MMR is the number of maternal deaths due to birth or pregnancy related complications per 1,00,000 registered live births. Before we begin dissecting this development, we need to ask: what contributes to our high MMR? And what progress has been made so far? Sustainable Development Goal of Good Health for All has targets for reducing MMR to less than 70 women per 1,00,000 live birth.Closer to our National Health Policy of 2017 aimed at 100 per 1,00,000 births by 2020. Currently MMR in India is 113.

Evidence shows a clear link between early marriage and increased levels of anemia and nutritional deficiencies amongst girls and women. Newly married woman and girls are often under immense societal pressure to have a child, due to societal norms around proving fertility. In addition, low levels of knowledge and information regarding sexual and reproductive health result in early and unplanned pregnancies. Girls who are married at an early age, often lack marital agency and unable to share their preferences and need with their partners, particularly when it comes to negotiating safe sexual practices and using family planning methods.

MMR is intrinsically linked with gender equality: the lack of agency that women, especially young women, have in society and within their marriages coupled with low levels of education and access to family planning or affordable healthcare service result in many preventable deaths. A large number of maternal deaths are due to issue related to pregnancy and child birth. The girls are not physically and emotionally ready for motherhood if they get married and bear child earlier. Post-partum haemorrahage, hypertensive disorders and sepsis are most common causes of maternal deaths in India followed by complications of delivery and obstructed labour.

The lower the age, the more the risks. Teenage pregnancy is relatively high in rural areas. Nearly 1 in every 10 women in rural areas in the age group (15-19) have begun childbearing. Furthermore, 27.3% of married teenage girls have given birth to one child while 4.2% married girls have two or more children. Also, more than 50% women in the reproductive age (15-19) were found to be anemic.

Most of this data suggests that the threat to mortality increases manifold when the mother is below 18.

Why is there a minimum age for marriage?

In recent years, a transition of marital age and child bearing has been drastically changing in India. The minimum age of marriage, especially for women has been a contentious issue. The law evolved in the face of much resistance from religious and social conservatives. The latest international statistic by UNICEF indicated that one in three of the world’s child brides live in India. Of the country’s 223 million child brides, 102 million were married before turning 15. Currently, the law prescribes that the minimum age of marriage is 21 years and 18 years for men and women respectively. The minimum age of marriage is distinct from the age of majority which is gender-neutral. An individual attains the age of majority at the 18 as per the India Majority Act, 1875.

Marriage before the age of 18 is a fundamental violation of human rights. Many factors interact to place a child at risk of marriage, including poverty, the perception that marriage will provide ‘protection’, family honor, social norms, customary or religious laws that condone the practice, an inadequate legislative framework and the state of a country’s civil registration system. While the practice is more common among girls than boys, it is a violation of rights regardless of sex.

The law prescribes a minimum age of marriage to essentially outlaw child marriages and prevent the abuse of minors. Personal laws of various religions that deal with marriage have their own standards, often reflecting custom.

For Hindus, Section 5(iii) of The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, sets 18 years as the minimum age for the bride and 21 years as the minimum age for the groom. However, child marriages are not illegal- even though they can be declared void at the request of the minor in the marriage.

In Islam, the marriage of a minor who has attained puberty is considered valid. The Special Marriage Act, 1954 and the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 also prescribe 18 and 21 years as the minimum age of consent for marriage for women and men respectively.

Additionally, sexual intercourse with a minor is rape, and the ‘consent’ of a minor is regarded as invalid since she is deemed incapable of giving consent at that age.

Unfortunately, even secular law (The Special Marriage Act, which prescribes minimum age of marriage 18 and 21 years for women and men respectively) of our country contributes to stereotype that women are more mature than men of the same age and, therefore, can be allowed to marry sooner. Hence, we should fix the age of marriage on reasoning and not on the basis of stereotype and emotions.

Suggestions for task force

While a task force for maternal and child mortality/health outcomes is a welcome move, its stated intent to examine raising the legal age of marriage strikes a discordant note with past official reports. In September 2018, the National Human Rights Commission showed how higher education levels lead to a lower likelihood of women being married early and strongly recommended that the Right to Education Act, 2009, be amended to make it applicable up to the age of 18 years. Presently, children in the age group of 14-18 are outside the purview of RTE act and most likely to drop out. This stress on access and quality of education was backed by a report of the apex child right’s body, National Commission for Protection of Child Rights, and the NGO Young Lives, which also showed how between 2005-06 and 2015-16, child marriage in 15-19 age group for girls has decreased from 26.5 per cent to 11.9 per cent.

The Maternal Mortality Rate in India declined consistently due to efforts of successive government on pre-natal and maternal care, increase in the enrolment ratio of girls in education at all levels and increase in the average of marriage. To increase this continues, the task force should focus on bringing in policy interventions that allow girls to complete their schooling years, develop adequate life skills and secure jobs for themselves.

Solutions for government strategies

  • Strengthen on-ground vigilance system and child protection schemes implemented by the government
  • Ensure the registration of births as well as marriages
  • Invest in social behavioural communication interventions to address regressive socio-cultural barriers that have an impact on decisions related to marriage and child birth
  • Strengthen adolescent health and maternal programmes ensuring adolescent girls have a right to access quality health information and services that are adolescent friendly and provide them with the knowledge and right support they need to manage their sexual reproductive health needs now and in the future.

There need to be a specific age-based survey to determine the most vulnerable ages and how to target those. Most maternal mortality occurs at the age of 20-25 when most women have children. Yes, the risk of dying is higher in those below 18, but the number of births is less, so increasing the marriage age will only have a marginal impact on overall MMR. It’s important to first rigorously determine the leading causes of maternal mortality and then focus on targeted-solutions in demographics and states.

Any task force recommendation is welcome, but focus should be on improving the current systems like the marriage limit rather than raising it further.

Why Sushant Rajput’s mysterious death is a gateway to the troubled Bollywood and why India has to bring in the CBI to investigate it

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This man had the looks, the intelligence, wide-ranging interests and knowledge, the dedication to his work, and the love for his late mother. It’s indeed a rare combination in any human being. Sushant Singh Rajput is no more. He was found dead in a room.

Coming from a small town, he made it big in the Mumbai movie world. But then, as was his meteoric rise a surprise, his death was no less in mystery. Mystery, however, did not stop there. ‘Denigrating’ his department and all the training that is needed to be a police officer the inspector came out of the dead man’s room and gave a live statement. ‘It looks like a suicide’ said he, and like a guru, he added ‘we will wait for the autopsy report’. Almost suggested by the reliance on the autopsy report – which itself can easily be modified – the investigation has been as slow as the walk of a lazy tortoise. And the communication from the Mumbai police department has been as silent as that of the stalwarts. While this itself gives rise to conspiracy theories, the untrained average fans get a chance to have a go. In fact, they seem to be far quicker and smarter than the trained and salaried yet possibly forced or bought police department.

The fact is; it is not a difficult case to solve. With it happening in the city center as opposed to a remote area where nobody ventures, it offers plenty of witnesses including the other residents, the party friends, the servants, and the rest. More importantly, the 50 SIM card changes not only give the cause of the tragedy, it even displays the identity of the culprit!

Yes, let alone the role of his envious success or condemned failures on his death, the change of 50 SIM cards clearly airs his repeated attempts to defend himself. In getting a new card he was building a Great Wall of China around himself every time. His passion to live and fight back on each occasion he did so, is very much clear. Besides, while those attempts highlight the repeated and persistent threats coming from outside, they also indicate that the person or persons involved were able to know the changed (new) mobile numbers on each occasion. The fact is, unless the person has a close connection with the police department, or works there, it is not possible to know the new numbers so quickly.

Yes investigations take time, but the non-revelation of the progress report by the police department despite the huge interest shown does not look reassuring. The laziness in the questioning of the relevant people also raises questions. Being used to the earnings from the cinema halls, although, lock-down has not been very helpful to the film industry, forcing ordinary people to the Net, it has made a difference to viewers. Suddenly YouTube, Twitter, and other social media platforms are abuzz with videos and messages airing dissatisfaction with the probe, a Kojak beating assessment of the scenario, and the request for a CBI probe. And as if to maintain a balance, Twitter is busy suspending accounts. To the intelligent that gives a clue too.

In the three guesses related to the episode viz. suicide, abatement to suicide, and a Murder, the uni-focal (suicide) view of the investigating officer and Maharashtra’s home minister only leads to more doubt than assurances. Instead, matching the trio; the role of politics, pressure, and greed almost give more answers to the delay. This is, however, not the first death of its kind in Bollywood. There have been several such suspicious deaths over the years. They were, however, never investigated by the CBI? Why should this death get any special treatment?More importantly, however, unlike by fans, why on earth would this article give so much of importance to this death, and even ask the Indian government to investigate the matter further?

Why the need for a CBI probe?

Yes, there have been several mysterious deaths in the past in this financial capital and the dream world of India. From that perspective, this is just another addition. One would just callously say, ‘It happens, not everyone succeeds’. But, while the addition of this incident in the ‘not properly investigated’ list itself makes the local investigation not sufficient and therefore makes a case for the CBI probe, the huge interest that it has generated in the nation only adds that compulsion for the Maharashtra government. The simple message should be ‘This cannot go on’. The state government should listen to the CBI demand. If not then asking a judge to order a probe is there too.

Also, as the saying goes ‘as is the government so are its institutes’, people fear that this investigation is heading towards the way Maharashtra’s coronavirus epidemic control measure is going. Yes, the state’s financial graph might have gone down; its coronavirus graph is skyrocketing.

With it enlisting so much of national interest that too even after a month and the voice even heading towards the global platform, the prestige of Maharashtra and its police force is at stake here. Also, such stigma isn’t good for the financial capital of India, when India is seeking foreign investment. When the state doesn’t look very helpful, the center has to butt in to save the prestige of the state along with that of the country. A CBI probe thus becomes imperative.

With it being a mouthpiece of India like Hollywood is for the US, the Mumbai film industry not only has to be under the domain of law and order of India but has to shine too.

Sadly, the dream world, unfortunately, has more skeletons in its coffers than meets the eye. This incident only makes it the tip of the iceberg. The iceberg has to be explored in its entirety. It needs to be investigated and the facts found. The CBI’s handling of this case will reveal a lot of skeletons in its coffer. It is, in fact, an opportunity for the central government to intervene and the people will be with the government.

More reasons for a CBI probe:

India under Modi wants to become a global player. For that to come true, slogans are not enough. India has to be able to give something to the world. As a global leader, America’s Hollywood has done wonders for the world. In fact, the very world Bollywood traces its roots to Hollywood. Yes, having a long cinema history, India should be giving the world a lot of decent movies. Sadly, it has been happy copying Hollywood movies like its name itself.

The prize ceremonies:

Yes, Bollywood organizes several prize ceremonies both in India and abroad. Far from being prestigious and the prizes themselves being much sought after, some actors don’t even attend those ceremonies. Prizes seem to be guided by nepotism and by being in certain cartels rather than by talent. Sadly, they have a value of entertainment alone – not admiration.

Acting opportunities:

Let alone not getting a prize for the hard work done by the actor/worker that simply deflates enthusiasm, even getting a chance to act is a struggle – if one is not in the right camp. Yes, nepotism is present everywhere and Bollywood isn’t any different. Also, although it doesn’t take one far, like anywhere else yes casting couch does occur and sex does talk when money or talent isn’t quite there. But in Bollywood, bullying seems to go on openly, especially against a competitor – who is seen as a threat to the hegemony.

Film releases:

A hit film not only needs a good film but also several cinema halls for its release. When most of the halls are only available for the selected few, who always tend to produce add related the first-day collection hits, it becomes a tragedy for the others – as they lose money. Not surprisingly talent dies down.

Harassment:

With the Bollywood world divided into insiders and outsiders, the insiders make sure that there is no threat to their earnings and prestige from the outsiders. Besides, almost like a bully they also make sure that outsiders obey them and as if they were Dhimmis remain in their place. Apart from the occult threat from the underworld, overt insinuations during private conversations or public festivals are common.

The investment:

Like any other industry, the Mumbai film industry needs financiers, and like anywhere else tax evasion is a known problem in this city too. Of course, legit financing is good but Bollywood is known for its underground connections and funding. Funding, however, isn’t innocent for it drags command and control with it. While control goes to the makers of the films, the command goes to the agenda that it wants to be propagated.

Once that is understood the bullying and threatening episodes that happen in the dream city in a rather regular fashion (which incidentally now offers more smiles than tears) can be seen as a natural consequence.

All these need a deeper investigation. With the Mumbai police wetting their pants if forced to do so, it becomes imperative that it is done by the center.

Also, the agenda-driven propaganda part of the underground may not be good for the people and the government of India. Since this involves the whole of India, the central agency cannot drag its feet.Having said all that one can easily question, even if the CBI investigates they might just come up with a few culprits. They may be put in jail. This may satisfy his fans. But, how on earth will an investigation lead to investigating Bollywood and how on earth will it be useful for India?

Will it investigate Bollywood?

The strange thing about this saga is that almost like a great Bollywood movie, it has not only the cacophony that is airing a lot more than that single death, it has the deafening silence coming out from the Bollywood stalwarts – which is screaming a lot more.

When the cacophony and the silence are added together as 2+2 or simply as dots this death seems to be the result not of any individual hostility. It rather seems to be the result of an idea, a phenomenon, an agenda. It almost reminds one of the communist revolutionary going on a killing spree for the sake of an idea of the fatherland.

This case seems to have many octopuses like tentacles reaching far and wide. An impartial investigation by the CBI will not only lead the investigator to the immediate cause of this death but to the tentacles that are involved in the sad incident.

If it is an honest investigation, one tentacle will lead to another tentacle and so on. Even if there are a lot of skeletons in the coffers of Bollywood, these tentacles will lead to them.Not knowing much about the circulating cash, India did do a demonetization of its currency. Now, following it, India knows better where the hard cash is circulating. Similarly, the central government, which is aiming for a global stage, has no idea about what goes on in its cinema Industry in terms of both cash and crime.

In there, there is not only a duty but an opportunity for the center to butt in. Even if, it isn’t able to go deep on the underground part, it can deal with the overt part and bring about the circulation of taxed cash and legal equality in the functioning of the Indian cinema. While censoring films isn’t enough, even that does not reach the grossly unregulated and disturbing Net series.

Apart from finances Bollywood needs good actors too. In fact, it needs more to prosper. If equal opportunity is brought into the Indian cinema, brilliant yet outside artists and the rest can have an opportunity to bring about a big change in Indian cinema. Imagine that concerning the population that it has.

In doing so the Indian government will not only have an accurate idea of the finances involved, it will have the opportunity to correct the present problems. Thus, it will enhance healthy competition in the Indian cinema sector. And when the fair competition comes in, India might be able to produce brilliant actors locally and prize-winning cinemas internationally. This will not only help the ‘Make in India’ concept it will push India’s dignity globally.

This may not be good to the bad guys, as they say in film circles; it will be good for the good guys.

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What really is the Konark Sun Temple?

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As a girl who was educated in a Christian missionary school, it was inherently ingrained in me that science and religion can not go hand in hand. Though it might be true for other religions, Hinduism might actually have been different in ancient times. Observing ancient Hindu architecture with an open mind shows the presence of sundials, calendars, lathe-like technology, ancient drilling technology, and so on. So today it can be safely claimed that technology was an integral part of ancient Hindu culture and temples were not just prayer houses but also centers for spreading education. Let us look at the beautiful example of the Konark Sun Temple.

The Konark Sun Temple is an intriguing piece in itself. Built in the form of a chariot, this piece of architecture is truly one of a kind. The first image that would appear in the minds of any person who knows about the place is the iconic sundial. Some say it was simply an excellent piece of art because the divisions don’t match the division of our modern-day watches. Modern-day watches show the circle divided into 12 segments, while the sundial shows the circle divided into 16. However, until the last century in the Bengal region, each day used to be divided into 4 ‘prahars‘. That is why there are 8 major segment lines, each denoting half a prahar, while the thinner lines indicate a quarter of a prahar. It was a more accurate measure just like the measurement of length in inches. While in the SI system, each cm can be accurately measured to 1/10 cm, an inch can be accurately measured to 1/32 of an inch by the naked eye (1/10 cm is slightly greater than 1/32 inch). So in terms of accuracy, the Konark Sundial would have measured time more accurately than a modern-day analog watch. Moreover, the temple / chariot consists of 24 wheels, which symbolically represent 24 hours of the day; so each prahar consists of 6 hours.

Now coming to the symmetry of the Konark Sundial. Being a materials engineer, we’ve been taught to focus on symmetry. Generally speaking in layman’s terms, symmetrical shapes are more appealing than asymmetric ones. It’s similar to saying that human faces that follow the golden ratio are generally found to be more beautiful. The Sundial has all kinds of symmetry, be it a point, or line or mirror symmetry. Symmetrically speaking, its beauty is unparalleled.

Now coming to Lord Surya’s (Sun) chariot. How is it that his chariot was pulled by 7 horses? Was it just a coincidence or did ancient Hindus discover that the white light consists of 7 different colors? Is it not entirely possible that ancient Hindu Gurus would have seen a rainbow, find out how it forms and taught people the science behind it? Moreover, such a depiction in a temple only makes more sense since Hindus were spiritual people who would regularly visit the temples.

Similarly, the temple structure consists of different levels of figurines which would interest people of different age groups. At the bottom level, there are sculptures of animals for the kids. If we just think about what is the first thing we teach the kids. Kids learn to speak before learning how to read and write. So even today, recognizing different animals and speaking out their names when shown the picture is the very first thing kids from their parents. Makes sense, right? In Hinduism, we have found that life was divided into 4 age-based life stages or the ashramas; Brahmacharya (student), Grihastha (householder), Vanaprastha (retired), and Sanyasa (renunciate). Correspondingly, the second-lowest level of the temple is meant for the Brahmacharyas where the sculptures show different forms of art such as singing, dancing, boxing, wrestling, and various games such as the tug of war.

The third level is for people of Grihasthas. Just like modern times, a householder has to support his family through various trades, back in those days too, the householders would have a job. So the third level depicts various forms of politics, administration, war, travel, people from foreign lands like the Greeks and Chinese, fashion technology like high heels, skirts, hairdos, and makeup products.

The next level is for the Grihastha. there are thousands of figurines clearly showing erotic sculptures like those in the Kamasutra. It was as if ancient Hindus would use this to educate the masses about sex. And it is not just limited to teaching how to mate. Sculptures also show how a woman stands over a flame after childbirth for the purpose of disinfection. The Bonda Tribe in Orissa still follows the practice by burning neem oil and standing on it after childbirth.

The next level shows various forms of God. Perhaps this was meant for the third ashram, the Vanaprastha. Post-retirement, people would practically devote themselves completely to God. It was a transitory phase where one starts handing over both personal and professional responsibilities to the next generation and try to move on to the phase of Sanyasa.

So let us take a moment to ask ourselves, do we create anything unsupported by logic? I’m sure the answer is ‘no’. Similarly, I don’t believe that the Konark Sun Temple was only a place of worship. A new line of thought has been born which agrees that it was also an educational center. Is it not possible that it was built to serve the same purpose as modern-day museums and planetariums? One should indeed ponder upon the thought.

गुप्त काल को स्वर्ण युग क्यों कहा जाता है

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प्राचीन भारतीय इतिहास में गुप्त काल का इतिहास एक श्रेष्ठ स्थान रखता है। गुप्त सम्राटों ने उत्तर भारत को एक राजनीतिक स्थिरता प्रदान की। गुप्त साम्राज्य २०० वर्षों तक रहा। एक के बाद एक योग्य सम्राटों ने अपने साम्राज्य को दूर तक फैलाया। करीब पूरे भारतवर्ष को इन्होंने एक सूत्र में बांध दिया था। गुप्त काल में हिन्दू धर्म को उन्नति मिली तो बाकी धर्मो को भी स्थान मिला। आइए जानते हैं कि इस युग को स्वर्ण युग क्यों कहा जाता है? आखिर ऐसी क्या विशेषता रही इस युग की? सबसे पहले इनकी उत्पत्ति और जो इस काल के राजा हुए, उनके बारे में जान लेते हैं।

वंश, उत्पत्ति और विभिन्न सम्राट

इस वंश की उत्पत्ति चन्द्रगुप्त प्रथम से मानी जाती है लेकिन इसका पूर्णतया विस्तार और विकास समुद्रगप्त ने किया। किसी लेखक ने इन्हे वैश्य कहा तो किसी ने छात्रिय। समुद्रगप्त का राज्याभिषेक ३२० ई में हुआ। समुद्रगुप्त के भाईयों ने विद्रोह भी किया लेकिन जल्दी ही समुद्रगुप्त ने इस विद्रोह को दबा दिया। समुद्रगप्त के बाद उसका पुत्र रामगुप्त गद्दी पर बैठा। रामगुप्त बहुत ही कम समय के लिए राजा बना। रामगुप्त के बाद चन्द्रगुप्त द्वितीय राजा बना और उसने समुद्रगप्त की तरह राज्य का विस्तार किया।

समुद्रगुप्त द्वितीय के बाद कुमारगुप्त सिंहासन पर बैठा और सबसे आखिरी राजा इस युग का स्कंदगुप्त था। ऐसा नहीं है कि स्कंदगुप्त के बाद राजा नहीं हुए। इसके बाद क्रमशः पुरुगुप्त, बुदुगुप्त हुए लेकिन इनमें से कोई भी राज्य को संभाल नहीं पाया। धीरे धीरे राज्य की नींव कमजोर होती हुई। बाहरी आक्रमण होने लगे, अंतर्युद्ध छिड़ गया और गुप्त काल धीरे धीरे समाप्त होता चला गया।जिस तरह समुद्रगुप्त ने राज्य को संभाला उसका विस्तार किया वैसा बाद के राजा नहीं कर पाए।

समुद्रगुप्त के शासन काल में हर छेत्र में वृद्धि हुई। चाहे वो शिक्षा हो कला का छेत्र हो या आर्थिक और सामाजिक उन्नति हो किन्तु सबसे ज्यादा हिन्दू धर्म और हिन्दू संस्कृति को बल मिला। इस काल की सबसे मुख्य विशेषता ये रही कि इस युग में संस्कृत को राजकीय भाषा का सम्मान मिला।

शासन प्रबंध

उस समय के राजाओं को धर्म का अवतार माना जाता था।धरती पर उन्हें विष्णु का रूप माना जाता था।राजा की सहायता के लिए अनेक मंत्री और अमात्य होते थे।राजा के लिए भी कुछ नियम होते थे और जी राजा उन नियमो का पालन नहीं करता था तो उसे सिंहासन से उतार दिया जाता था। केंद्र के बड़े अधिकारियों में मंत्री, महासेनापती,और दण्डनायक होते थे। राज्य की आय का मुख्य साधन लगान था। न्याय की ओर पूर्ण ध्यान दिया जाता था। दंड व्यवस्था कठोर नहीं थी। अपराधी को जुर्माना लेकर छोड़ दिया जाता था।

अगर कोई घोर अपराध करता था तब उसका दाहिना हाथ काट दिया जाता था।राजा का कर्तव्य केवल राज्य की सुराकछा,शांति स्थापित करना और भौतिक उन्नति करना ही नहीं था बल्कि नैतिक और आध्यत्मिक प्रगति का भी प्रयत्न करना था। शासन की दृष्टि से सम्पूर्ण राज्य प्रांतों में विभाजित था।जिन्हें भुक्ती अथवा भोग कहा जाता था। समुद्रगप्त के शासन काल में शासन व्यवस्था बहुत सुदृढ़ थी। समुद्रगुप्त ने पूरे हिन्दुस्तान को एक सूत्र में पिरो दिया था। सभी राज्यो और राजाओं को अपने आधीन कर लिया था।जो राज्य दूर थे। उन्हें जीतकर उनका राज्य वापिस तो कर दिया था लेकिन उनसे कर यानी टैक्स  वसूल किया जाता था।

अधीनस्थ राजाओं को अपनी सीमाओं के अंतर्गत स्वेच्छा से शासन करने का अधिकार प्राप्त था। यही कारण रहा कि जब गुप्त सम्राट दुर्बल हुए तब इन राजवंशों ने अपने स्वतंत्र राज्य स्थापित करने में सफलता प्राप्त की। एक सफल शासन की नींव समुद्रगप्त ने अपने शासनकाल में ही रख दी थी इसीलिए गुप्त सम्राटों का शासन अत्यधिक सफल रहा। साम्राज्य की दृढ़ता शांति और नागरिकों की उन्नति इसके प्रमाण थे।

सामाजिक दशा

गुप्त सम्राट हिन्दू धर्म के समर्थक थे। इसी कारण इस काल में ब्राह्मणों की श्रेष्ठता और हिन्दुओं की चतुर्वर्ण व्यवस्था पर विशेष बल दिया गया। गुप्त काल से पहले कई विदेशी आक्रमणकारी आए और यहीं भारत में बस गए। इन विदेशियों को हिन्दू समाज में स्थान दिया गया। उद्योग और व्यापार में उन्नति हुई, इसी कारण धनाढ्य वर्ग की उत्पत्ति हुई। इस काल में वर्ण व्यवस्था पर भी जोर दिया गया लेकिन बहुत ही उदारता के साथ।

कोई भी अपना धर्म बदल सकता था। शूद्र व्यापार कर सकते थे। वो सेना में भी भर्ती हो सकते थे। ब्राह्मण भी सेना में शामिल हो सकते थे। छत्रिय व्यापार करने लगे और उन्हें वेद पढ़ने का अधिकार भी दिया गया। शूद्रों को कहा गया कि अगर वो सदाचारी रहते हैं तो उन्हें यज्ञ करने का भी अधिकार है। गुप्त काल की सबसे बड़ी विशेषता यही रही कि, शूद्रों की स्थिति में काफी सुधार हुआ।

जब वर्ण व्यवस्था पर ज्यादा जोर नहीं दिया गया तो दास प्रथा भी कमजोर हो गई। बाहर के कई विदेशी यात्री जब भारत भ्रमण पर आए तब वो भी ये पता नहीं लगा सके कि दास प्रथा भी प्रचलित थी। दासो के साथ अनुचित व्यवहार नहीं किया जाता था। किसी पर भी कठोर नियम लागू नहीं होते थे फिर भी न्याय व्यवस्था बेहद मजबूत थी।दास अधिकतर उन्हीं लोगों को बनाया जाता था जो युद्धबंदी और कर्जदार होते थे। किसानों की हालत में भी सुधार हुआ। कृषि पर विशेष बल दिया गया।उनसे ज्यादा लगान भी नहीं वसूला जाता था।जो धनाढ्य वर्ग था, उसने गरीबों और यात्रियों के लिए अनेक धर्मशाला बनवा दी थी।

औरतों को सम्मान की दृष्टि से देखा जाता था। औरतें बड़ी आयु में विवाह करती थी। कोई धार्मिक अथवा राजनीतिक आयोजन होता था तो औरतें उनमें समान रूप से भाग लेती थी। इस काल में एक पत्नी का प्रचलन था। केवल राजा और अमीर वर्ग के लोग ही एक से ज्यादा पत्नी रख सकते थे।औरत को त्यागने का अधिकार किसी को ना था। इस युग में गनिकाओ यानी वेश्याओं को नफरत से नहीं देखा जाता था।इन्हे देवदासी भी कहा जाता था।वहां के बड़े मंदिरों में देवदासी रहने लगी थी।उनसे नृत्य और गायन कला में निपुण होने की आशा रखी जाती थी।

व्यक्तियों का चरित्र बहुत श्रेष्ठ होता था। ईमानदारी, सच्चाई, साहस, सादगी, दान, उदारता, शीक्छा, आदि ऐसे अनेक मानवीय गुण थे जिनका पालन सभी करते थे। खान पान में हर व्यक्ति सात्विक था। मांस और शराब का प्रयोग बहुत कम होता था।केवल निम्न जाति के लोग ही इनका सेवन करते थे। जन साधारण का रहन सहन बहुत सादा था।

गुप्त काल में अनेक नगरो का निर्माण हुआ। उनमें विलास की सभी सामग्री उपलब्ध होती थी।स्त्री और पुरूष दोनों अपने सौंदर्य पर ध्यान देते थे।उस समय के अनेक ग्रंथो से तत्कालीन नगर जीवन का ज्ञान मिलता है, जो उस समय के सुख साधनों और विलासिता पूर्ण जीवन का उल्लेख करते हैं।

आर्थिक दशा

गुप्त काल में साम्राज्य की स्थिति आर्थिक रूप से बहुत मजबूत थी। कृषि,,व्यापार और उद्योग में उन्नति के कारण देश धन धान्य से पूर्ण था।मंदिरों के लिए ब्राह्मणों को भूमि दान दी गई। बहुत सी झीलें और नहर भी बनवाई गई।कृषि के साथ साथ पशु पालन में भी वृद्धि हुई।इस काल में अनेक तरह के व्यवसाय थे जैसे धोबी, कुम्हार, बर्तन बनाने वाले, लोहार, बढ़ाई, हथियार बनाने वाले, शिल्पकार, जुलाहे, टोकरी बुनने वाले, दर्जी, सुनार आदि प्रमुख व्यवसाय थे।

इस काल में सूती, ऊनी और रेशमी कपड़ा बहुत बनता था। बनारस रेशमी कपड़े के लिए प्रसिद्ध था तो मथुरा सूती कपडे के लिए प्रसिद्ध था। इस काम में आंतरिक और विदेशी व्यापार उन्नति पर था। इस काम में सामंती प्रथा का प्रारंभ हुआ।आगे आने वाले समय में इस सामंती प्रथा पर अंकुश लगाना संभव ना हो सका और ये प्रथा मजबूत होती गई।

धार्मिक दशा

धार्मिक दृष्टि से गुप्त काल की मुख्य विशेषता मंदिरों का निर्माण,हिन्दू धर्म का पुनरुत्थान,हिन्दुओं की उदार प्रवृत्ति और विदेशियों को हिन्दू धर्म में शामिल किया जाना और बौद्ध धर्म को जगह देना, ये विशेषता रही। आधुनिक भारत में जो हिन्दू धर्म का आधार है वो इसी काल में हुआ।गुप्त सम्राट अपने को परम भागवत मानते थे।ये लोग विष्णु और लक्ष्मी के उपासक थे। इन्होंने ब्राह्मणों को दान दिया, मंदिरों का निर्माण किया, कई अश्वमेध यज्ञ किए। महाभारत का स्वरूप प्रदान करना, मीमांसा, ब्रह्मसूत्र, योगसूत्र, न्यायसूत्र, आदि का लिखा जाना।विभिन्न पुराणों की रचना अथवा उनका संकलन भी हिन्दू धर्म के प्रचार में सहायक सिद्ध हुआ।

गुप्त काल के हिन्दू धर्म ने पुरानी और नवीन सभी धार्मिक प्रवृत्तियों को सम्मिलित करके जनसाधारण के लिए एक आकर्षक धर्म प्रदान किया। हालाकि इस युग में राम को श्रेष्ठ स्थान प्राप्त नहीं हुआ लेकिन कृष्ण को सब बहुत मानते थे। बुद्ध को भी विष्णु का अवतार माना गया।दक्छिन भारत में शिव पूजा का ज्यादा महत्व रहा।

इसके अतिरिक्त बाकी देवताओं जैसे, कार्तिकेय, गणेश, सूर्य और शक्ति देवी की पूजा का भी प्रचलन बढ़ा। गंगा यमुना जैसी नदियों की मान्यता, विभिन्न व्रतो को रखना, प्रयाग और बनारस को तीर्थस्थान मानना इसी काल में शुरू हुआ। इस काल में हिन्दू धर्म ने यूनानी, शक, कुषाण आदि विदेशियों को अपने में समाहित कर लिया।हिन्दू धर्म के प्रचार की भावना से प्रेरित होकर पश्चिम में सीरिया और मेसोपोटामिया तक तथा दक्छिन में जावा, बाली, सुमात्रा, और बोर्नियो तक भारतीय संस्कृति का प्रसार किया। गुप्त काल में बौद्ध धर्म को भी एक प्रमुख स्थान मिला लेकिन बौद्ध धर्म कभी सभी भारतीयों को अपने में समाहित नहीं कर सका। अशोक की लाख कोशिशों के बावजूद भी हिन्दू धर्म विलुप्त नहीं हुआ।

ज्ञान और साहित्य

गुप्त काल में पढ़ने पर बहुत ज़ोर दिया गया। पाटलिपुत्र,वल्लभी, उज्जैन, काशी, मथुरा, नासिक, सांची, आदि ज्ञान अर्जित करने के प्रमुख स्थान थे।राजाओं और धनाढ्य वर्ग की ओर से शिक्षा संस्थाओं को भूमि प्रदान की जाती थी। भूमि के साथ धन भी दान दिया जाता था। अच्छे विद्यालयों में प्रवेश पाने का एकमात्र उपाय विद्यार्थी की योग्यता होती थी। प्रवेश पाने के पश्चात उसकी शिक्षा, रहन सहन, खाने और पीने की व्यवस्था सब कुछ विद्यालय का उत्तरदायित्व होता था। गुप्त काल में धर्म और धर्म निरपेक्ष दोनों ही प्रकार के साहित्य की प्रगति हुई।साहित्यिक प्रगति के कारण ही इस युग को पर्क्कलीन युग और ऑगास्टन युग अथवा अभिजात्य युग भी कहा जाता है।

गुप्त काल में संस्कृत राजभाषा हो गई थी। इसी कारण अधिकांश ग्रंथ संस्कृति भाषा में ही लिखे गए।धर्म निरपेक्ष साहित्य में भी अनेक ग्रंथों की रचना हुई।इस काल में अनेक विद्वान हुए। सबांधू द्वारा रचित वासवदत्ता, भट्टी का रावण वध, भारवी का किरताजूर्निय, मुद्राराक्षस तथा देविचंद्रगुप्तम,दशकुमार_चरित आदि अनेक रचनाएं इस युग में हुई। गुप्त काल के साहित्यिक आकाश में कालिदास सबसे अधिक प्रकाशमान थे।इन्होंने सम्पूर्ण संस्कृत साहित्य को समृद्ध किया।कालिदास सबकी सर्वसम्मति से भारत के महान कवि और नाटककार माने गए हैं।

इस प्रकार गुप्त काल में अनेक विद्वान हुए जिन्होंने अनेक भाषाओं में अपनी रचनाएं लिखी किन्तु जो श्रेष्ठ स्थान संस्कृत को प्राप्त हुआ वो अन्य किसी भाषा को प्राप्त नहीं हुआ। संस्कृत काव्य के बारे में एक अंग्रेज़ विद्वान ने लिखा कि, यदि प्रत्येक वर्ग इंच के आधार पर काव्य की बुद्धिमत्ता की तुलना की जाए तो कोई भी काव्य संस्कृत काव्य का मुकाबला नहीं कर सकता।

विज्ञान, गणित, ज्योतिष और चिकित्सा

विज्ञान, गणित और ज्योतिष के महान विद्वान इसी युग में हुए। आर्यभट्ट अपने युग का महान वैज्ञानिक और गणित का आचार्य माना गया।उसी ने बताया कि, सूर्य नहीं बल्कि पृथ्वी अपनी धुरी पर घूमती है। उसी ने बताया कि, सूर्य और चन्द्र को ग्रहण राहु केतु नहीं बल्कि पृथ्वी की बदलती हुई स्थिति है। उसने अंकगणित, बीजगणित और त्रिकोण में भी नई खोजे की। ये भी विश्वास किया जाता है कि, दशमलव प्रणाली का आविष्कार भी हिन्दुओं ने किया।इस बात का जिक्र आर्यभट्ट और वराहमिहिर ने अपने ग्रंथो में किया है।

आर्यभट्ट ने गणित के साथ साथ ज्योतिष विद्या को भी आगे बढ़ाया।उनकी मुख्य रचना आर्यभट्ट के नाम से विख्यात हुई।भास्कर प्रथम ने आर्यभट्ट के सिद्धांतो पर टिकाए लिखी। इस काल में चिकित्सा शास्त्र में भी वृद्धि हुई। चिकित्सा शास्त्र के साथ ही पशु चिकित्सा पर भी ज़ोर दिया गया।इस युग में चिकित्सा और रसायन शास्त्र का एक महान वैज्ञानिक नागार्जुन हुआ। उसने विभिन्न भस्मो और औषधियों की खोज की।ऐसा माना जाता है कि, महान वैद्य धनवंतरी भी इसी युग में हुए।इनके अलावा धातु विज्ञान और शिल्प ज्ञान की भी उन्नति हुई।