Home Blog Page 104

The Row over Hindi being the National Language: Justified?

Home Minister Amit Shah’s statement to use Hindi instead of English for communication within India has sparked a row recently. There was a Twitter war of words and arguments. Many past colonies of the British tried shedding colonial legacy. Some question the English imperialism/hegemony over their native languages. But are unable to wriggle out of this complex English language problem.

As per the western concept of nation/state, it should have three qualities. First, a nation should have ‘one’ religion. Second, a nation should have ‘one’ language i.e. the national language. Third, a nation should have a territory i.e. boundaries. India defies the first two i.e. a national religion and a national language and the third: the territorial nationality, which we obtained after the British left India making it economically weakened and territorially truncated by the partition of India and Pakistan. Otherwise, Bharat was Akhand.  Though the phraseology: Hindi, Hindu, Hindustani is in the minds of most of the people in India, it has no Constitutional sanctity.

In the beginning, in independent India, all national leaders wanted to have Hindi to be the national language. Like many others, B.R. Ambedkar too favoured Hindi. “Since Indians wish to unite and develop a common culture,” he would write, “it is the bounden duty of all Indians to own up Hindi as their language.” Without this, we would be left “a 100 per cent Maharashtrian, a 100 per cent Tamil or a 100 per cent Gujarati” but never truly Indian.

However, there were a lot more debates and discussions than in the constituent assembly on Hindi being the national language. “The dithering of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru by listening to both parties from the North and South of India, could not make much of a headway in declaring it (Hindi) as the national language. Jawaharlal Nehru conceded that the regional languages (Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Bengali, etc.) are ancient languages, with a rich inheritance each spoken by many millions of persons, each tied up inextricably with the life, culture and ideas of the masses, as well as the upper classes. … None of the regional languages—not even Hindi—should be newly put in a position of superiority over the others”, writes KR Srinivasa Iyengar in his book: Indian Writing in English.

Had Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru taken a strong position on Hindi being the national language then, it would have easily become through some consensus. He literally behaved like Hamlet: to be or not to be. It is pathetic to see such a big country, India, not having a national language. Many foreigners (especially from the West) ask Indians, which language they need to learn when they visit India to speak. All their countries: Germany, France, Italy, Denmark etc. all have their national languages. Indians have no national language to specify, yet we say to learn Hindi to have to talk in India. Indians are born and brought up with no national language of pan India appeal since Independence. So, when Indians of two different language origins meet in India or abroad they speak in English. English has become the lingua franca. But many Indians are not capable of conveying their thoughts in English.

As soon as Hindi is being mentioned as a national language in making, the South Indians resist. They say that it is a kind of “imposing” the other Indian language on them. However, they voluntarily embrace English, though English is not an Indian language. English is still indicative of imperialism and colonialism to many. Many colonial countries would like to decolonise their mind by not patronizing English. Some liberal western minds in India would argue that Urdu is an Indian language and it has no religious connotations. But, undoubtedly, in Mohammad Ali Jinnah’s mind, it is the language of Muslims. In Jinnah’s 1948 speech in Decca, he said, “Let me restate my views on the question of a State language for Pakistan. For official use in this province, the people of the province can choose any language they wish…There can, however, be only one lingua franca, that is, the language for intercommunication between the various provinces of the State, and that language, should be Urdu and cannot be any other. The State language, therefore, must obviously be Urdu, a language that has been nurtured by a hundred million Muslims of this sub-continent, a language understood throughout the length and breadth of Pakistan and above all a language which, more than any other provincial language, embodies the best that is in Islamic culture and Muslim tradition and is nearest to the language used in other Islamic countries.”

Of course, Bangladesh was divided from Pakistan on the Bengali language identity issue. They fought with the hegemony of East Pakistan. Hence, language is an emotional issue. Language has a strong identity connection. What Pandit Nehru could not do, what the governments at the Centre were not able to do all these years, the Hindi entertainment T.V. channels and movies could do. They slowly brought Hindi to invade India. In the Hindi language propagation, the North should not belittle South Indians for their Hindi accent or mannerism. It is the northern Hindi belt that has to win the hearts of the South. Already Hindi has crept into many southern states. It is only time to become a national language.

Prize Chits and Money Circulation Schemes (Banning) Act, 1978, Enforcement Directorate and Amway India- भाग-२

मित्रों प्रथम भाग में हमने AMWAY India कंपनी के व्यपारिक कार्यशैली और इनामी चिट और धन परिचालन स्कीम (पाबन्दी) अधिनियम, 1978 (Prize Chits and Money Circulation Schemes (Banning) Act, 1978 ) के कुछ प्रावधानों विशेषत: कुछ आवश्यक परिभाषाओं के बारे में चर्चा की, इस अंक में हम इस अधिनियम के कुछ अन्य प्रावधानों के सन्दर्भ में परिचर्चा करेंगे, जो निम्नवत हैं:-

इस अधिनियम की धारा ३  इनामी चिट और धन परिचालन स्कीम पर या उसमें सदस्यों के रूप में अपना नाम दर्ज कराने या उसमें भाग लेने पर पाबन्दी का प्रावधान करती है अर्थात “कोई भी व्यक्ति  किसी इनामी चिट(Prize Chits) या धन परिचालन (Money Circulation) स्कीम का सम्प्रवर्तन (Promotion) या संचालन (Operation) नहीं करेगा या किसी ऐसी चिट या स्कीम के सदस्य (Member) के रूप में अपना नाम दर्ज नहीं कराएगा या उसमें अन्यथा  भाग नहीं लेगा या ऐसी चिट या स्कीम के अनुसरण  में कोई धन प्राप्त नहीं करेगा या प्रेषित नहीं करेगा।”

इस अधिनियम की धारा ४ के अंतर्गत धारा ३ के उपबन्धों (Provisions) के उल्लंघन (Violation) के लिए शास्ति (Punishment) का प्रावधान करती है, इस धारा के अनुसार “जो कोई भी इस अधिनयम के धारा 3 के अंतर्गत दिए गए प्रतिबंधात्मक उपबन्धों का उल्लंघन करेगा वह कारावास से, जिसकी अवधि तीन वर्ष तक की हो सकेगी, या जुर्माने से, जो पांच हजार रुपए तक का हो सकेगा, या दोनों से, दंड का भागी होगा”| इसके साथ यह भी प्रावधानित किया गया है कि “यदि  किन्हीं प्रतिकूल विशेष (Specially adversarialy) और पर्याप्त कारणों (Sufficient reasons) के  अभाव में जो न्यायालय के निर्णय में उल्लिखित (Outlined) किए जाएंगे, ऐसा कारावास एक वर्ष (not Less than One Year) से कम का नहीं होगा और ऐसा जुर्माना एक हजार रुपए (Not Less than Rupees One Thousand) से कम का नहीं होगा।

इसी प्रकार इस अधिनियम की धारा ५ इनामी चिट (Prize Chit) या धन परिचालन स्कीम (Money Circulation) से संबंधित अन्य अपराधों (Crimes) के लिए शास्ति (Punishment) का प्रावधान करता है। इसके अनुसार “जो कोई इस अधिनियम के उपबन्धों के उल्लंघन में किसी इनामी चिट या धन परिचालन स्कीम का सम्प्रवर्तन (Promotion) या संचालन (Operation)करने के उद्देश्य से या पूर्वोक्त रीति से सम्प्रवर्तित (Promoted) या संचालित (Operated ) किसी चिट या स्कीम के सम्बन्ध में-

(क) इनामी चिट या धन परिचालन स्कीम (Money Circulation Scheme) में प्रयोग के लिए कोई टिकट, कूपन या अन्य दस्तावेज (Document) का मुद्रण (Priniting) या प्रकाशन (Publication) करेगा; या (ख) इनामी चिट या धन परिचालन स्कीम के प्रयोग के लिए किसी टिकट, कूपन या अन्य दस्तावेज का विक्रय (Sale) या वितरण (Distribution) करेगा अथवा विक्रय या वितरण के लिए उसकी प्रस्थापना (Offer)करेगा या उसका विज्ञापन (Advirtisement) करेगा अथवा विक्रय या वितरण के प्रयोजन (Purpose)के लिए उसे अपने कब्जे (Possession) में रखेगा; या (ग) (i) इनामी चिट या धन परिचालन स्कीम के किसी विज्ञापन का; या (ii) इनामी चिट या धन परिचालन स्कीम के सदस्यों की किसी सूची (List) का, चाहे वह पूरी हो या नहीं; या (iii) इनामी चिट या धन परिचालन स्कीम की वर्णनात्मक (Descriptive) या उससे अन्यथा सम्बन्धित कोई ऐसी सामग्री का जो उस इनामी चिट या धन परिचालन स्कीम अथवा किसी अन्य इनामी चिट या धन परिचालन स्कीम में भाग लेने के लिए व्यक्तियों को उत्प्रेरित (Motivate) करने के लिए प्रकल्पित (Presumed) है, मुद्रण (Printing) करेगा, प्रकाशन (Publication) करेगा, या वितरण (Distribution)करेगा अथवा प्रकाशन या वितरण के प्रयोजन (Purpose) के लिए उसे अपने कब्जे (Possession) में रखेगा; या (घ) इनामी चिट या धन परिचालन स्कमी में अथवा ऐसी इनामी चिट या धन परिचालन स्कीम के किसी विज्ञापन (Advirtisement) में प्रयोग (Use) के लिए कोई टिकट, कूपन या अन्य दस्तावेज, विक्रय या वितरण के प्रयोजन के लिए लाएगा या उसे भेजने के लिए किसी व्यक्ति को आमंत्रित (Invite)करेगा; या (ङ) इनामी चिट या धन परिचालन स्कीम के सम्प्रवर्तन (Promotion) या संचालन (Operation)  से संबंधित प्रयोजनों (Purposes) के लिए किसी स्थान का प्रयोग करेगा या किसी ऐसे स्थान का प्रयोग करवाएगा या जानबूझकर अनुज्ञात (Allow) करेगा; या (च) उपरोक्त कार्यों में से किसी कार्य को किसी व्यक्ति से करवाएगा या कराएगा अथवा कराने का प्रयत्न करेगा, तो वो व्यक्ति अधिकतम २ वर्ष के कारावास या अधिकतम तीन हजार रुपये के जुर्माने या फिर दोनों से दण्डित किया जायेगा। परन्तु किन्हीं प्रतिकूल विशेष और पर्याप्त कारणों के अभाव में जो न्यायालय के निर्णय में उल्लिखित किए जाएंगे, व्यक्ति को दिए गए कारावास का दंड एक वर्ष से कम का नहीं होगा और यदि जुरमाना है तो ऐसा जुर्माना एक हजार रुपए से कम का नहीं होगा।

अब तक हमने एक व्यक्ति के द्वारा किये जाने वाले अपराध और उससे सम्बन्धित दंड के बारे में चर्चा की, आइये देखते हैं जब कोई संगठन, कंपनी या समूह के द्वारा किये जाने वाले अपराध के सन्दर्भ में ये अधिनियम क्या प्रावधान करता है:- इस अधिनयम की धारा ६ कम्पनियों द्वारा किये जाने वाले अपराध के विषय में प्रावधान करता है जो निम्नवत है :-

(१) जहां इस अधिनियम के अधीन कोई अपराध कम्पनी द्वारा किया गया है वहां प्रत्येक व्यक्ति जो उस अपराध के किए जाने के समय उस कम्पनी के कारबार के संचालन (Operation of Business) के लिए उस कम्पनी का भारसाधक (Officer-In-Charge) और उसके प्रति उत्तरदायी (Responsible) था और साथ ही वह कम्पनी भी ऐसे अपराध के दोषी समझे जाएंगे और तद्नुसार अपने विरुद्ध कार्यवाही किए जाने और दण्डित किए जाने के भागी होंगे :

PROVIDED: इस उपधारा (धारा ६ उपधारा १) की कोई बात किसी ऐसे व्यक्ति को इस अधिनियम में उपबन्धित किसी दण्ड का भागी नहीं बनाएगी यदि वह यह साबित कर देता है कि अपराध उसकी जानकारी के बिना (Without his Knowledge) किया गया था या उसने ऐसे अपराध के किए जाने का निवारण (Redressal) करने के लिए सब सम्यक् तत्परता (Proper readiness) बरती थी।

(२) उपधारा (१) में किसी बात के होते हुए भी, जहां इस अधिनियम के अधीन कोई अपराध किसी कम्पनी द्वारा किया गया है तथा यह साबित होता है कि वह अपराध कम्पनी के किसी निदेशक (Director), प्रबन्धक(Manager), सचिव (Secretary) या अन्य अधिकारी की सहमति (Consent) या मौनानुकूलता (Connivance) से किया गया है या उस अपराध का किया जाना उसकी किसी उपेक्षा के कारण माना जा सकता है वहां ऐसा निदेशक, प्रबन्धक, सचिव या अन्य अधिकारी भी उस अपराध का दोषी समझा जाएगा और तद्नुसार अपने विरुद्ध कार्यवाही किए जाने और दण्डित किए जाने का भागी होगा।

तो इस प्रकार हम देखते हैं की धारा ३ और धारा ५ में दिए गए प्रावधानों का उलंघन कंपनी या किसी भागीदारी फर्म के द्वारा किया जाता है तो कंपनी या भागीदारी फर्म का प्रत्येक व्यक्ति जो उस अपराध के किये जाते वक्त कंपनी या भागीदारी फर्म के रोजमर्रा के कार्यो के लिए उत्तरदायी था, दंड का भागी होगा। यदि यह साबित हो जाता है की कंपनी या भागीदारी फर्म के द्वारा अपराध किये जाने के समय, उस अपराध के लिए  कंपनी या भागीदारी फर्म के किसी निदेशक, प्रबंधक या सचिव या किसी अन्य अधिकारी की सहमति थी या मौन स्वीकृति थी या उसकी लापरवाही/उपेक्षा के कारण उस अपराध की घटना घटी तो वो भी दंड का भागी होगा।

अब तक हमने अपराध और उसके दंड के बारे में चर्चा की, आइये अब हम कार्यपालिका को प्रदत्त अधिकारों के बारे में जानने का प्रयास करते हैं| – इस अधिनयम की धारा ७ संदिग्ध स्थान में प्रवेश करने, स्थान या व्यक्ति विशेष की तलाशी लेने और प्राप्त दस्तावेजों तथा अन्य साजो समान के अभिग्रहण करने की शक्ति के संदर्भ में प्रावधान करते हुए स्पष्ट करती है की:-

(१) किसी पुलिस अधिकारी के लिए जो पुलिस थाने के भारसाधक अधिकारी (Officer In Charge) की पंक्ति से नीचे का न हो, यह विधिपूर्ण होगा कि वह,- किसी परिसर का प्रयोग किसी इनामी चिट या धन परिचालन स्कीम से संबंधित प्रयोजनों के लिए किया जा रहा है, ऐसी शिकायत मिलने पर या ऐसा संदेह होने पर या किसी प्रकार की विश्वसनीय जानकारी प्राप्त होने पर  उक्त  परिसर में (चाहे दिन हो या रात) प्रवेश कर सकता है, उक्त परिसर की तथा उस परिसर से जुड़े सभी व्यक्तियों की तलाशी ले सकता है तथा उस परिसर से प्राप्त सभी वस्तुओं और दस्तावेजों के साथ साथ सभी व्यक्तियों को अभिग्रहण (Custody) में ले सकता है। 

उपधारा (२ ) के अनुसार “राज्य सरकार द्वारा इस निमित्त प्राधिकृत अधिकारी  को वो सभी  शक्तियां प्राप्त हैं जो उपधारा (१) के अनुसार एक पुलिस अधिकारी को प्राप्त है शिवाय व्यक्ति को Custody में लेने के।

उपधारा (३ ) के अनुसार इस धारा के अधीन सभी तलाशी दण्ड प्रक्रिया संहिता, 1973 (1974 का 2) के उपबन्धों के अनुसार की जाएंगी।

इस अधिनयम की धारा ८ के अनुसार “जहां किसी समाचारपत्र या अन्य प्रकाशन में इस अधिनियम के उपबन्धों के उल्लघंन में सम्प्रवर्तित (Promoted) या संचालित (Operated) किसी इनामी चिट या धन परिचालन स्कीम से संबंधित कोई सामग्री है या उससे संबंधित कोई विज्ञापन है वहां राज्य सरकार, राजपत्र में अधिसूचना द्वारा, ऐसे समाचारपत्र की प्रत्येक प्रति को और ऐसे प्रकाशन की प्रत्येक प्रति को जिसमें ऐसी सामग्री या विज्ञापन है, राज्य सरकार को समपहृत (Confiscated) घोषित कर सकेगी।

इस अधिनियम की धारा ९ के अनुसार “अपराधों के विचारण की शक्ति “मुख्य न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट” के न्यायालय से अवर किसी अन्य न्यायालय के पास नहीं होगी।

इस अधिनयम धारा १० के अनुसार “इस अधिनियम के अधीन दण्डनीय सभी अपराध संज्ञेय (Cognizable) होंगे।

इस अधिनियम की धारा ११ कुछ अपवादों के विषय में प्रावधान करती है।

अब इस प्रकार यदि हम AMWAY India के व्यापार करने की शैली को दृष्टिगत करे तो Enforcement Directorate (ED) की कार्यवाही उचित ही जान पड़ती है। अगले अंक में हम प्रवर्तन निदेशालय की कर्यवाही और Amway India के बचाव का विश्लेषण करेंगे।

Bank on wheels empowering women in rural India

Financial Inclusion should be the norm and not the exception. But it usually doesn’t happen this way Financial inclusion seems a far cry for many living on the outer fringes of society. Economic autonomy is about access to financial services like bank accounts, loans and insurance. It is not only about financial independence and security for individuals, but it also plays an important role for sustainable development efforts in society.

Financial autonomy is desirable for everyone, but it is unequal even today especially, where women are concerned. While the government has been trying to take a lot of steps to improve the situation of women and empower them, it is something that takes time. The simplistic appearing task of pulling women out of this gender inequality and enhancing their economic status is to empower them financially.

ACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICES.

Women need to have access to financial services and in today’s highly digitised world, it is imperative that women have access to digital financial services as well Digital financial services would basically mean having access to financial services such as remittances. payments, savings, loans etc. through digital channels such as mobile phones.

STEPS BY GOVERNMENT:

The government has taken many steps to ensure that women in rural and urban India have digital access and are slowly empowered to understand and adopt digital financial services. All of this has been done in a bid for financial inclusivity: Financial empowerment will enable women to make more crucial choices and better decisions regarding their personal and professional lives and will probably seek to enter the labour force.

This will not just help them become financially independent, but rather as a society, we will increased mobile have improved physical mobility, reduced discrimination and improved safety,

Women who have been taken into the financial autonomy fold are better equipped to take decisions regarding education and professional training, employment prospects, and have better access to information to enable them to opt for entrepreneurial their doorstep opportunities. There has been a significant focus from the government for empowering women in rural India by providing them with financing instruments that will enable them to have access to the financial digital transactions mainstream.

BharatNet, Startup India, and Saubhagya Vojua (rural electrifi cation), have contributed to the country digitizing phenomenally today. Startups are also acting as the perfect catalyst to bridge the infrastructural gap in the country. With fortified digital infrastructure and in created mobile
penetration in India, more and more women have access and to financial services.

Mobile Vans or Bank on Wheels travel to the local villages spreading financial and digital literacy apart from allowing the banks customer and public at large to make bill payments, withdraw cash and perform various basic banking activities at their doorstep.

Created by Bengaluru (Bengaluru) based XPay Life, the mobile van is running successfully in over ten states across many DCCBs at the district level enabling rural digital transactions.

By leveraging technology and offering last mile connectivity through mobile vans and local entrepreneurs, these large fintech companies are throwing the limelight on women and giving them the opportunity to access better financial opportunities and services to step up and gain financial independence.

Prize Chits and Money Circulation Schemes (Banning) Act, 1978, Enforcement Directorate (ED) अण्ड “एमवे इंडिया”भाग-१

मित्रो आजकल भारत के प्रवर्तन निदेशालय (ED) के द्वारा Amway India नामक कम्पनी के उपर की गयी  कार्यवाही की चर्चा और परिचर्चा जोरो पर है। भारत के प्रवर्तन निदेशालय (ईडी) ने १००  से अधिक देशों में सौंदर्य और कल्याण उत्पादों को बेचने वाली अमेरिकन कंपनी की सहायक कम्पनी  “एमवे इंडिया” (जो भारत मे व्यापार करती है) से संबंधित ७५० करोड़ रुपये की संपत्ति को अस्थायी रूप से संलग्न/जप्त  किया है।

भारत के प्रवर्तन निदेशालय (ED) के द्वारा  की गई मनी लॉन्ड्रिंग जांच से पता चला है कि एमवे डायरेक्ट सेलिंग मल्टी-लेवल मार्केटिंग (एमएलएम) नेटवर्क की आड़ में एक पिरामिड धोखाधड़ी चला रहा है। प्रवर्तन निदेशालय (ED) ने आरोप लगाया कि “कंपनी का पूरा फोकस यह प्रचार करने पर है कि कंपनी का सदस्य बनकर कैसे अमीर बन सकते हैं। AMWAY India का उत्पादों पर कोई ध्यान नहीं है। उत्पादों का इस्तेमाल इस एमएलएम पिरामिड धोखाधड़ी को डायरेक्ट सेलिंग कंपनी के रूप में करने के लिए किया जाता है।”

मित्रों आइये पहले देखते हैं कि ये एमवे क्या है और यह कैसे काम करता है:-

एमवे स्वास्थ्य, पोषण, सौंदर्य और घरेलू देखभाल बाजारों में एफएमसीजी (FMCG) उत्पादों की  एक अमेरिकन प्रत्यक्ष (Direct) विक्रेता (Selling) कंपनी है। इसने १९९५  में AMWAY India के नाम से  AMWAY के एक सहायक कंपनी के रूप में अपने व्यापार का भारत में संचालन शुरू किया। कंपनी अपने उत्पादों को बेचने के लिए प्रत्यक्ष बिक्री (DIRECT SELL) और बहु-स्तरीय विपणन (MLM) मॉडल दोनों का उपयोग करती है।

बहु-स्तरीय विपणन योजना ( MULTI LEVEL MARKETING  PLANNING) के माध्यम से, एमवे इंडिया  नए वितरकों (Distributors) को अपने उत्पादों (Products) को खरीदने के लिए प्रेरित करता है और फिर लोगों को वितरकों के दूसरे स्तर के रूप में अपने नेटवर्क से जुड़ने के लिए प्रेरित करता है और  यह सिलसिला जारी रहता है। इसको इस प्रकार से हम समझ सकते हैं। मान लीजिये जोसेफ कंपनी का पहले से एक वितरक है, वितरक बनने से पहले उसने कंपनी को निर्धारित राशि (रुपये ५०००/- या इससे ज्यादा का भुगतान किया है और बदले में उसे कंपनी का वितरक बनाया गया है और एक बैग के साथ कुछ सामग्री किट के रूप में उसे दिया गया है)। अब जोसेफ दो प्रकार से लाभ कमाने के लिए कंपनी के द्वारा प्रेरित किया जाता है (१) एक तो वो बगैर सोचे समझे कंपनी के ऊँचे दामों पर मिलने वाले उत्पादों को ख़रीदे तथा (२) वो अपने दोस्तों या  रिश्तेदारों को कंपनी का सदस्य अर्थात वितरक बनाने के लिए प्रेरित करे। अब कंपनी का उत्पाद खरीदने पर जोसेफ को कोई फायदा नहीं होता क्योंकि उसके ख़रीदे हुए उत्पाद का पूरा लाभ कंपनी के वरिष्ठ  वितरकों (जो उसकी चेन में उससे ऊपर आते हैं और उससे पहले कंपनी के वितरक बन चुके होते हैं) में बट जाता है।

परन्तु यदि जोसेफ अपने मित्र मोजेस या उस्मान को  कंपनी का सदस्य/वितरक बनाता है तो यंहा पर मोजेस या उस्मान के द्वारा जो रुपये ५०००/- की राशि कंपनी को जमा की जाती है, वितरक बनाने के लिए उसमे से जोसेफ को कुछ हिस्सा (रुपये ५००/-) अवश्य मिलता है और इसी प्रकार अब जोसेफ वाली चेन में उसके निचे मोजेस या उस्मान आ जाते हैं और ये भी कंपनी के उत्पाद खरीदते हैं और फिर अपने निचे किसी को सदस्य बनाने के लिए अपने दोस्तों और रिश्तेदारों के नाक में दम कर देते हैं और ये सिलसिला यूँ ही चलता रहता है और अंततः कंपनी कई वितरकों के साथ समाप्त हो जाती है। याद रखिये आप जितना उत्पाद खरीदते हैं उससे ज्यादातर कंपनी और आपकी चेन या पिरामिड में जो आपसे ऊपर स्थान पर विराजमान हैं उन्हें लाभ प्राप्त होता है, आपको लाभ तब मिलने लगता है जब आपके चेन में आपके निचे वाले वितरक उत्पाद खरीदते हैं या आपकी चेन को बढ़ाने लगते हैं नए नए सदस्य बनाकर। 

एमवे में ‘स्वतंत्र व्यवसाय स्वामी’ (आईबीओ) के रूप में, आप केवल तभी पैसा कमाते हैं जब लोग आपके द्वारा उत्पाद खरीदते हैं, कीमत में मार्क-अप और बिक्री बोनस दोनों के माध्यम से यदि आप लक्ष्य हासिल करते हैं। लेकिन सबसे महत्वपूर्ण बात यह है कि जब आप लोगों को अपने अधीन उत्पाद बेचने के लिए भर्ती करते हैं तो आप को केवल कुछ हिस्सा ही कमाई के रूप में प्राप्त होता है परन्तु यह वही प्रणाली है जहां वास्तव में कंपनी पैसा कमाती है, क्योंकि जैसा ऊपर यह तथ्याङ्कित किया जा चूका है की कंपनी का वितरक/ सदस्य बनने के लिए, सभी को पंजीकरण शुल्क का भुगतान करना होता है जो निश्चित रूप से कंपनी की प्रत्यक्ष आय है।

पृष्ठभूमि:- AMWAY India पर ये कोई प्रथम बार आपराधिक कार्यवाही नहीं की गयी है अपितु  वर्ष २०१४ में, एमवे के भारत के सीईओ विलियम एस पिंकनी को धोखाधड़ी और अन्य वित्तीय धोखाधड़ी के आरोप में गिरफ्तार किया गया था और आंध्र प्रदेश के कुरनूल में जेल में डाल दिया गया था। विलियम एस पिंकनी के विरुद्ध आईपीसी की धारा ४२० (धोखाधड़ी) और प्राइज चिट्स एंड मनी सर्कुलेशन स्कीम्स (बैनिंग) एक्ट १९७८ की धारा ३, ४, ५ और ६ के तहत आरोप तय किए गए थे। एक साल पहले २०१३ में, विलियम एस पिंकनी को कंपनी के उपाध्यक्ष और निदेशक संजय मल्होत्रा ​​​​और मुख्य वित्तीय अधिकारी अंशु बुद्धिराजा के साथ वर्ष २०११ में की गयी शिकायत के संबंध में कथित रूप से अधिक मूल्य निर्धारण, उनके प्रत्यक्ष बिक्री नेटवर्क के सदस्यों को धोखा देने और अन्य वित्तीय धोखाधड़ी के अपराध लिए केरल पुलिस ने गिरफ्तार किया था। कोझीकोड जिले में एमवे उत्पादों की एक महिला डीलर ने एमवे पर कंपनी के उत्पादों में निवेश किए गए धन को वापस नहीं करने का आरोप लगाया था क्योंकि वह बहु-स्तरीय विपणन संरचना के माध्यम से इन्हें बेचने में विफल रही थी।

भारत सरकार द्वारा इनामी चिटों (Prize Chits) और धन परिचालन स्कीमों (Money circulation schemes) के सम्प्रवर्तन (Promotion) या संचालन (Conduct) पर पाबन्दी (Ban) लगाने के लिए और उससे संबंधित या उसके आनुषंगिक (Incidental) विषयों के लिए दिनांक १२ दिसंबर, १९७८ को एक अधिनियम लागू  किया गया जिसे इनामी चिट और धन परिचालन स्कीम (पाबन्दी) अधिनियम, 1978 (Prize Chits and Money Circulation Schemes (Banning) Act, 1978) के नाम से जाना जाता है। इस अधिनियम के कुछ मुख्य प्रावधान निम्नलिखित हैं:

चलिए एक दृष्टि प्राइज चिट्स एंड मनी सर्कुलेशन स्कीम्स (बैनिंग) एक्ट १९७८ पर भी डालकर देखते हैं की आखिर ये क्या है?

इस अधिनियम की धारा २ (क) के अनुसार: इस अधिनियम में, जब तक कि (unless) सन्दर्भ (the context) से अन्यथा अपेक्षित (otherwise requires) न हो:“संविदाजात चिट” (conventional chit)  से ऐसा संव्यवहार (Transaction)अभिप्रेत है चाहे वह चिट, चिट फण्ड, कुरी या किसी अन्य नाम से ज्ञात हो जिसके द्वारा या जिसके अधीन कोई ऐसा व्यक्ति, जो चिट के संचालन (CONDUCT) के लिए उत्तरदायी (Responsible) है, विनिर्दिष्ट संख्या (specified number) में व्यक्तियों के साथ कोई ऐसा करार(agreement) करता है कि उनमें से प्रत्येक व्यक्ति एक निश्चित अवधि के लिए कालिक किस्तों (periodical installments) के रूप में निश्चित धनराशि का (या उसके बदले में अनाज की निश्चित मात्रा) अभिदाय (subscribe) करेगा और ऐसा प्रत्येक अभिदाता (subscriber) अपनी बारी पर जिसे लाट या नीलाम या निविदा द्वारा या चिट करार में उपबन्धित अन्य रीति से अवधारित (determined) किया जाएगा, इनामी रकम पाने का हकदार होगा।

स्पष्टीकरण (Explanation)-इस खंड में इनामी रकम” से ऐसी रकम चाहे वह किसी भी नाम से ज्ञात हो, अभिप्रेत है जो सभी अभिदाताओं (subscriber) द्वारा प्रत्येक किस्त (installments) पर संदत्त या संदेय (paid or payable) कुल रकम में से,-

(i) सम्प्रवर्तक (Promoter) या प्रधान (Foreman) या अभिकर्ता (an agent) की हैसियत में की गई सेवा के लिए प्रभार के रूप में प्रभारित कमीशन (commission charged as service charges) की; और

(ii) अभिदाता (SUBSCRIBER ) को संदत्त (Paid) किए जा रहे अतिशेष के प्रतिफल (In consideration of the balance) के रूप में प्रत्येक किस्त के कुल अभिदायों (total subscriptions) में से किसी ऐसी धनराशि (Sum) की जिसे अभिदाता (SUBSCRIBER) छोड़ने (forego)के लिए सहमत है, कटौती करके आए;

इस अधिनियम की धारा २ (ख) के अनुसार: “धन” के अन्तर्गत चैक, पोस्टल आर्डर, मांगदेय ड्राफ्ट, तार द्वारा अन्तरण या मनीआर्डर भी सम्मिलित है;

इस अधिनियम की धारा २ (ग) के अनुसार: “धन परिचालन स्कीम (“money circulation scheme”)” से कोई ऐसी स्कीम, चाहे वह किसी भी नाम से ज्ञात हो, अभिप्रेत है जो सदस्यों को उस स्कीम में नामांकित (Enrollment of members) करने से सम्बन्धित या उसको लागू किसी घटना (Event) या आकस्मिकता (contingency relative ) पर, तुरन्त (quick) या सुलभ धन (easy money) उपार्जित करने के लिए या धन के संदाय (pay money) के किसी वचन (promise) के लिए प्रतिफल (Consideration ) के रूप में किसी धन (Money) या मूल्यवान वस्तु (valuable thing) की प्राप्ति के लिए है, चाहे ऐसा धन या वस्तु ऐसी स्कीम के सदस्यों के प्रवेश धन (entrance money of the members) या कालिक अभिदानों (periodical subscriptions) से प्राप्त हुई हो या नहीं;

इस अधिनियम की धारा २ (ङ) के अनुसार:- इनामी चिट (“Prize Chit”)” के अन्तर्गत कोई ऐसा संव्यवहार (transaction) या ठहराव (arrangement) भी है, चाहे वह किसी भी नाम से ज्ञात हो, जिसके अधीन कोई भी व्यक्ति (Person), सम्प्रवर्तक (Promoter), प्रधान (Foreman), अभिकर्ता (Agent) के रूप में या किसी अन्य हैसियत में एकमुश्त राशि (monies in one lump sum) में या अभिदायों (contributions) या अभिदानों (subscriptions) के रूप में किश्तों (installments) में या यूनिटों (sale of units), प्रमाणपत्रों या अन्य लिखतों (instruments) के विक्रय द्वारा या किसी अन्य रीति से या किसी बचत (savings), पारस्परिक फायदे (mutual benefit), प्रत्यय (thrift) या किसी अन्य स्कीम या ठहराव (arrangement), चाहे वह किसी भी नाम से ज्ञात हो, के लिए या उसके सम्बन्ध में सदस्यता फीस (membership fees) या प्रवेश फीस (admission fees) या की गई सेवा के लिए प्रभार (service charges) के रूप में धनराशि एकत्र करता है और इस प्रकार एकत्र की गई धनराशि का या उसके किसी भाग का या ऐसी धनराशि के विनिधान से या अन्य प्रयोग से प्रोद्भूत होने वाली आय (income accruing from investment) का निम्नलिखित सभी या किन्हीं प्रयोजनों (purposes) के लिए उपयोग करता है, अर्थात्-

(i) विनिर्दिष्ट संख्या में अभिदाताओं (specified number of subscribers) को जिनका अवधारण (determined) लाट, ड्रा या किसी अन्य रीति से किया जाए, कालिकतः (periodically) या अन्यथा नकद या वस्तु के रूप में इनाम या उपहार देना या प्रदान करना (prizes or gifts in cash or in kind), चाहे ऐसे इनाम या उपहार का प्राप्तिकर्ता (the recipient) ऐसी स्कीम या ठहराव (such scheme or arrangement) के सम्बन्ध में आगे कोई संदाय (further payment) करने के लिए दायी (under a liability) हो या नहीं;

(ii) ऐसी स्कीम या ठहराव की समाप्ति पर (on the termination of the scheme or arrangement) अथवा उसमें अनुबद्ध अवधि की समाप्ति पर (after the expiry of the period stipulated therein) या उसके पश्चात् अभिदाताओं (subscribers) या उनमें से ऐसे अभिदाताओं (subscribers)को जिन्होंने कोई इनाम या उपहार नहीं जीता है, एकत्र किए गए सम्पूर्ण अभिदान (subscriptions), अभिदाय (contributions) या अन्य धनराशि या उसका कोई भाग किसी बोनस, प्रीमियम, ब्याज या अन्य फायदे के, चाहे वह किसी भी नाम से ज्ञात हो, बिना या उसके सहित, वापस करना,   किन्तु इसके अन्तर्गत संविदाजात चिट (conventional chit) नहीं है।

इस अंक में बस इतना ही शेष अगले अंक में जरूर देखेंगे हम लोग।

Russia-Ukraine crisis and it’s impact on Indian economy

As I was writing this article a notification from the inshorts has popped up in my mobile saying “New COVID19 strain identified in Israel”. The first thing I said to myself was “God enough is enough”. Even though there isn’t a lot of buzz around it, it still made me worried particularly because this is coming after another such worrying event which shook the world economies. Yes, you guessed it right it’s the Russian invasion of Ukraine. We often encounter the hot debates around the whole concept of capitalism and free market economies.

While many appreciate the advantages of a Free Market system and the quick growth it brings it is equally important to understand the downsides of this whole phenomenon. In this highly integrated and connected world the crisis spreads equally fast as the growth and capital does and this is the biggest threat that we today are finding ourselves in. The Ukraine crisis is like rubbing the salt into the wounds of the global economies that have already took a big blow caused by a 2 year long health crisis. So let us see how exactly does this crisis impact the already suffering global economies.

The world is integrated in the form of free market economies where the capital, goods and services between them move freely. The forces of demand and supply determines the prices and the quantity available for a particular product. Russia is a major part in the global supply chains and capital markets. So, any positive or negative development associated with Russia will have a global impact.

Russia is a big exporter of several metals, fertilizers and many agricultural products. For example, Russia and Ukraine together make up 30% of global wheat exports. Russia is also a major crude oil exporter and it is also a net exporter of capital. This will have a negative impact on inflation and will also push the interest rates up. As a result, uncertainty driven by inflated commodity prices and higher interest rates will decrease the purchasing power and consumption. This will also mean that MSME’s and other small employers will be impacted negatively.

The level of consumption expenditure and unemployment seems to have an inverse corelation. For example, in the Indian economy the per capita consumption expenditure is below 2018 levels and unemployment is in all time high. Lack of employment opportunities will mean that low income for poor resulting low consumption and this will be a virtuous cycle. This might be the reason for the current state of the MSME sector and unemployment rates with the trigger being the deflation in the unorganised sector driven by low MSP prices before the pandemic.

With this being the context of the Indian economy the COVID19 blow has been more destructive than what it seems. While the pandemic wounds seem to slowly heal this sudden crisis is like rubbing salt into these wounds. India has been very vulnerable to the global oil shocks and sudden currency depreciation, with 1991 gulf war and 2013 Taper Tantrum being notable examples. This crisis already started to show its impact in the form of supply shortages and price hike. Recently CNBC-TV18 has conducted a ground level interview with the local farmers and fertilizer suppliers in Nashik, Maharashtra.

For these poor farmers a fertilizer price hike means shaving off a sizable amount from there profits, this is bringing a lot of uncertainty and demotivates farmer from increasing production. When the local fertilizer seller was questioned upon the price hike and shortage, he replies that the producers weren’t able to increase production owing to shortage of raw material due to the war. While this was a supply shock there is another situation of demand shock. Grape farmers in Nashik used to export their produce to Ukraine and Russia at 70-75 RS a kg. Due to the war demand from Russia and Ukraine got disappeared so, these farmers lost the bargaining power and now has to sell their produce at much lower prices. These farmers are now forced to sell their produce at much lower price of 20 RS per KG which is 50-55 RS loss. There were many instances in the past where election results were directly influenced by the inflation level.

So, the government will also not pay enough attention to the plight of these farmers. As a result, the government tries to bring economic stability at the cost of rural economy which is already in a bad shape since 2017. Another interesting case is the reduction in the size of biscuits. A cookie is generally made up of three ingredients. Which is Wheat, Sugar and edible oil with 60%, 20% and 20% being their respective shares in manufacturing a single Cookie. As said earlier Russia and Ukraine together makes up 30% of global wheat exports. Apart for this it is also a major exporter of edible oils and sugar.

Along with the supply disruption the government’s focus on ethanol blending will also increase the demand for sugar squeezing the supply and pushing the price. As a result of this price rise the manufacturers are seeing a cost push inflation. While the competition in this segment is very high instead of increasing the price the companies started to reduce the size of the cookie.

On the macro side this crisis has the potential to change the whole budget plan and alter the government’s road map ahead. The level of impact on government’s plan will depend on the degree of severity and duration of the crisis. In this year’s budget the government has put a lot of emphasis on capital expenditure and to finance this they have announced a massive borrowing plan. The rising inflationary pressure in commodities, oil and food will force the RBI to focus on its primary objective of controlling inflation. At the same time the reduction in asset purchase by RBI accompanied by a price rise will result in reduction of real money supply and increase an upward pressure on interest rates.

In any ways if the inflation persists above the upper tolerance level of 6% the interest rate hike will become inevitable and the rate hike will be rough and improper. This will increase the cost of borrowing and force the government to reduce capital expenditure. This rise in cost of borrowing means that the revenue expenditure of the government will increase owing to the interest payments which will reduce the scope for welfare schemes. The government in this year’s budget has already decreased their non-interest revenue expenditure at a time when the rural economy is in a very bad shape. Prolonged crisis also means that the fiscal deficit will rise and as a result of this excess borrowing the interest rate will face an upward pressure. Which will crowd out the private investment while per capita consumption is already below 2018 levels this will pose the threat of Stagflation.

While nature of the above discussed possibilities will be shaped according to the severity and the duration of the crisis it is clear that slowing economy and rising inflation are clear threats to an emerging economy which already is seeing a clear K shaped recovery. Therefore, to manage this crisis the government has to master the balancing act between geo politics and economy.

At the same time, they should make their plans flexible and be open to outside suggestions. So, to manage this crisis its imperative that the government turn more participative, consultative, inclusive and delegate powers and responsibilities to the lower level authorities to increase efficiency and react quickly to rapidly changing global order.

“Accident, suicide or murder of Congress and regional parties” – Revival plan of Prashant Kishor

0

India’s renowned political aid Mr. Prashan Kishor is in the news for his leaked 600 pages plan to revive congress. There are some points which he mentioned i.e. Gandhis to be in new role, New face for UPA, Targeting 13 cr. new voters and avoiding direct confrontation with BJP in major parts of Indian states.

Now these suggestions means Gandhis to be out from public posters and limit them to the governance with administrative power. Now if you go through the suggestions carefully you will find a bunch of non sensible remarks without any actual plan which may help congress to revive.

Taking out Rahul or Sonia as a front face will actually destroy the congress as there are many but none to be portrait as a mass leader or accepted by a huge number of congress senior leaders.

It is easy to say to select UPA leader from outside of congress but is it actually possible?

There are more than a dozen of parties in the collision and if you add others like TMC you will get more than 24 regional parties part of UPA. Now the question is can Miss Mamta Banerjee or Mr. Sharad Pawar or Mr. Akhilesh yadav will be accepted by all the parties? can they will be the face of UPA including Congress? It is going to be a disaster in the short and long run for the congress and the UPA.

As we all know 50% of hindu vote is distributed among non BJP parties and Congress should target these as sugessted by Prashan Kishor. It is a nice Idea which most of the parties are aware and exactly this is what regional parties are doing and winning election against BJP. Now Mr. kishor is suggesting to tie up with the regional parties temporary basis and kill them once congress gets the ground!!! What a foolish plan to reveal before the tie up.

Regional parties are surviving and doing well when they are maintaining distance from congress recent example is Bengal election. Prashan kishor’s plan for revival will be suicidal for congress and regional parties for sure.

Now the question is how to revive the Congress? My question is if one of the oldest party of India with renowned political faces, Ex. PM, Ministers and experience leaders of congress does not know, then Why to revive the party better to take retirement.







The injustice against Justice Pushpa V. Ganediwala

0

On March 14, 2022 the Hon’ble President of India accepted the resignation of Justice Pushpa Virendra Ganediwala as an Additional Judge of the Bombay High Court. Justice Ganediwala, who was elevated as an Additional Judge in 2019, had attained notoriety amongst the hoi polloi for three decisions widely reported in the press.

In January 2021, in the matter of Satish Ragde v. State of Maharashtra, she interpreted Section 7 of The Protection of Children From Sexual Offenses (POCSO) Act to mean disrobing the child and ‘skin to skin contact’ would be necessary to attract the charge of ‘sexual assault’. The accused, notwithstanding was convicted under Section 354 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC).

Adopting similar lines of reasoning, she acquitted the accused in Jageshwar Wasudeo Kawle v. State of Maharashtra and Libnus v. State of Maharashtra while retaining convictions on other charges. In the latter case, the accused was holding the hand of a minor and the zip of the pants was open.

On the January 21, 2021 the Collegium of the Supreme Court had recommended Justice Ganediwala to be appointed as a Permanent Judge. Promptly after these judgements, however, the Collegium scurried back and withdrew the aforesaid recommendation. This meant that Justice Ganediwala, after having served the judicature at Bombay, would be sent back to the district judiciary. She tendered her resignation a mere two days prior to the due date.

The decision of the Collegium has exposed a major fault line in that judiciary that would otherwise have been a non-issue in a democracy like ours. The Collegium has shown that, unfortunately, vestiges of discretionary despotism can be found within the four corners of the Supreme Court, and not just the executive branch.

Fundamentally, the questions that arise out of the three Ganediwala cases are of law. They are not of attitude, attribution or prejudice. And all legal questions, at the end of the day, must be dealt with the blunt force of law and jurisprudence. If the Supreme Court found disfavour with the way the cases had been decided, they could simply overrule the cases and set them right. The Supreme Court did as much on the 18th of November, 2021 in Attorney General for India v. Satish.

In withdrawing Justice Ganediwala’s recommendation, the Court sent a chilling message to the current and forthcoming judges that the jurisprudential whims of the Collegium, as well as its members’ desired moral object, must be fulfilled by them. Any freedom of thought to that end will not be entertained. This isn’t necessarily an intentional or deliberate forethought by the members of the Collegium, who have penned judgments in the past favouring broadly liberal values. It is merely an unfortunate consequence in fact.

What is more telling is that this was not merely a case where the Collegium did not deem her to not have the necessary merit — she was appointed by the same Collegium as Permanent Judge a week before the withdrawal — but rather one where the Court especially penalized her for her legal observations.

A superfluous point, albeit perhaps of some relevance, is that this judgement does not even resemble the past instances where the Constitutional Courts’ dicta have displayed gross insensitivity towards sexual crimes.

The irony further lies in the fact that the President’s approval came less than a week after a nationwide celebration of women in the legal fraternity noting the unique value they provide to the system. Not only has the Collegium let go of a female Justice for the High Court(s), but it has also forgotten the diversity it so yearns for resides in thought, not in mere identity. If the Collegium continues to discourage judges who bring forth novel lines of reasoning to the law, it militates against the freedom of the judges to speak their minds. A disproportionate impact of which will be felt by those like Justice Ganediwala.

Understanding and protesting this injustice against Justice Ganediwala is neither an endorsement of the crimes against children and their kind instantiated in the three cases nor an affirmation of the judgements by Justice Ganediwala. Whether her approach to construing the POCSO Act is correct or not is a matter for us to consider with a legal comb. Irrespective of that, to outcast certain figures from the judiciary because of their judicial leanings is an utterly dangerous practice with the risk of ossifying the intellectual tradition of the Indian judicial system.

More prominent in the vogue is the retirement of Justice Akil Kureshi who was celebrated by the legal community for his independent and gallant thinking to question the dogmas of the executive. If the words of ex-Chief Justice of India Ranjan Gogoi’s Justice For The Judge are to be believed, this proclivity in the Courtroom of his led the executive to block his elevation to the Supreme Court.

Bar the authority above — the executive and the Collegium respectively, the common denominators in Justice Kureshi and Justice Ganediwala’s cases are prominent. Both displayed persistent fidelity in their legal opinions and did not give way to public influence. And in both cases, we need not agree with their legal opinions to understand that their cases are symptoms of a colossal systematic failure to appreciate a diverse and vibrantly independent judiciary.

Perhaps most numbing has been the quietude of the legal fraternity towards these events. Perhaps they arise out of a fear of being understood as endorsing the heinous crimes that Justice Ganediwala judged, which yet serve no excuse to remain quiet. As will all flow of ideas, there will be dangerous ideas we will disagree on wholeheartedly. To analogize from the freedom of speech, if we censor them, we run the risk of devoiding ourselves of something useful.

Evelyn Beatrice Hall’s ‘I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it’, is much too a cliche an aphorism to call for with passion, and yet it will remain the emblem of a judicial culture that intends to prosper.

Revisiting five pillars of Islam

Five pillars of Islam are its core beliefs and practices. These include Shahada (profession of faith), Salat (prayer), Zakat (obligatory charity to needy believers), Sawm (fasting in Ramadan) and Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca). The Hajj is not mandatory for all Muslims. It is for those believers who can afford the cost and time.

Shahada is the first pillar of Islam. In Quran 37:35 and Quran 47:19, the first part of Shahada are found in a little different forms: Allahu La Ilaha Illa Huwa (God, there is no deity but Him) and La Ilaha Illa Huwa (There is no deity but Him) respectively. The second part of the Shahada is found in the opening line of Quran 48:29 in form of Muhammad Ur Rosul Allah. But nowhere in Quran, has it been prescribed that both parts of Shahada need to be recited to become a Momin. The Shahada, as we know it today, has come from Sahih Hadith.

Though different versions of both the parts of Shahada began to appear in coins and monumental architecture in the late seventh century Islamic Umayyad Caliphate, it in the present form had not been officially established as an obligatory practice until compilation of Sahih Hadith in mid ninth century.

Five daily prayers (Salat) is the second pillar of Islam. It was in Miraj that Muhammad got instruction from Allah for five daily prayers for the Momin. However Quran 11:114 stipulated thrice daily prayer for the Momin. Again, while Wudu (the ritual cleaning before prayer) came from Quran 5:6, the Holy Book did not tell what to be done or recited in prayer. All these came from Sahih Hadith.

The Quran 17:1 gave a brief idea of Miraj, the nocturnal journey of Muhammad on a winged horse from Mecca to Jerusalem and then to heaven and back to Mecca. But the details of Miraj came from Sahih Hadith only. As per Standard Islamic Narrative, Muhammad undertook that night journey to heaven and back in 621 AD, that is, one year before his migration (Hijrat) to Medina.

The whole event of Muhammad’s heavenly night journey is mentioned in great detail in two very long Hadith (Sahih al-Bukhari, Volume 4, Book 54, Hadith number 429 and Sahih Muslim, Book 1, Hadith number 309). There are different explanations of Miraj. The unkind critics also claim that Miraj was a fairy tale copied from Zoroastrian scripture. The first Sahih Hadith, where we find about Miraj, was compiled in Bukhara, 215 years after Muhammad’s death. Bukhara is located in the present day Uzbekistan and is about 3500 KM to the North and East of Medina.

The third pillar of Islam is Zakat (obligatory charity). It has been mentioned 32 times in Quran. Quran 2:110 revealed “And establish prayer and give zakat, and whatever good you put forward for yourselves – you will find it with Allah”. The categories of believers eligible for receiving Zakat are specified in Quran 9:60. However the detailed mechanism of Zakat has come from Sahih Hadith only.

Fasting during the month of Ramadan is the forth pillar of Islam. Quran has mandated fasting by the able bodied Muslims who are not on journey and Quran 2:183 revealed “O you who have believed, decreed upon you is fasting as it was decreed upon those before you that you may become righteous”. Then Quran 2:185 revealed “The month of Ramadan [is that] in which was revealed the Qur’an, a guidance for the people and clear proofs of guidance and criterion”. But nowhere Quran instructed the Muslims to perform dawn to dusk absolute fasting for the whole of month of Ramadan. Other details of the fasting, dos and don’ts, as well as, Iftar and Sehri were also not mentioned. All came from Sahih Hadith compiled 200 to 300 years after Muhammad’s death in places far away from Mecca and Medina.

Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) is the fifth and last pillar of Islam. Chapter 22 of Quran is called Al Hajj. Quran 22:27 revealed “Call all people to the pilgrimage. They will come to you on foot and on every lean camel from every distant path”. A few more verses of the said chapter revealed about Hajj. But again, the details of Hajj performance have come from Sahih Hadith.

As per Standard Islamic Narrative, the capitals of the first Caliphate (632 AD to 661 AD), after the death of Muhammad, were located first in Medina and then in Kufa (Central Iraq). During next Umayyad Caliphate (661 AD to 750 AD), the capital was located in Damascus (South-Western Syria). The next Abbasid Caliphate (750 AD to 1258 AD) had its capital first in Kufa for 12 years and then shifted to Baghdad (Central-East Iraq).

Abbasid Caliphate of 508 years was the Islamic Golden Age, which came to an end following the brutal Mongol invasion. Formalization of the religion of Islam, which started in late seventh century under Umayyad Caliphate, was completed during next 200 to 300 years under Abbasid Caliphate. The Quran, Sahih Hadith, and Sirat came into existence during that period side by side. However Sharia and Tafsir continued to be written for some more years.

These factual positions stated above have made the five pillars of Islam very fragile to the point of being innovations during Abbasid Caliphate. The present Quran we see today is falsely claimed to be compiled between 650 AD and 656 AD by Uthman, the third Caliph of the first Islamic Caliphate called Rashidun Khilafat. In mid-seventh century Arabia (in the time of Uthman), there was no system of using Nuqta (diacritical marks) in written Arabic language which we find in the present Quran. The present Quran was canonized as late as in 1924 AD in Cairo.  

The five pillars of Islam have some sort of direct or indirect mention in the present Quran. But all the five pillars were formalized at a much later time after Muhammad by the Ulema in connivance with the Caliphs. Allah was the alter ego of Muhammad and Muhammad was the alter ego of Ulema. There was nothing divine about these pillars of Islam. These pillars were/are meant to standardize the core practices among the Muslims for giving a common and regimented identity to the believers.

Election, Dynasty Politics and Democracy in India

In a democratic system of governance, election and democracy are complementary to each other. An election is an integral part of democracy. Whereas dynasty politics is not as it is undemocratic. Yet in the last few decades, this is observed that dynasty politics has been an integral part of the world’s largest democracy i.e. India. Its mechanism has been to capture a party (as seen in Congress by Nehru-Gandhi, DMK by Karunanidhi, SAD by Badal, SP by Yadav, etc.) or form a party (as seen in NC by Abdullah, TDP by Rama Rao, NCP by Pawar, AAP by Kejriwal, RJD by Yadav, etc.), get the same into the family fiefdom by hook or by crook, get elected employing family members, extended family members, relations and royalists (later kind mostly who can’t win an election on their own but has political ambition with muscle and money powers), and rule the country or state like medieval rulers. Therefore, I used to often say this is nothing but dynocracy (Dynasty + Democracy), which means: a dynasty getting elected election after election or alternatively in a democratic system to rule.

Or in fact one comfortable can claim dynasty politics has stolen Indian democracy and its elections.

Here find an interesting recent example of justifying dynasty politics and how it gets grounded. Just before the last election to Goa Assembly, Utpal Pannikar, the son of the former charismatic-popular CM of Goa and the country’s former Defense Minister late Manohar Parrikar, was denied a BJP ticket. Let us not discuss why a ticket was denied by BJP as they are not in the purview of this discussion. Within a day of this information being circulated, both All India Trinamool Congress and Aam Aadmi Party -both run by dynasties- offered their party ticket to Utpal. Of course, Utpal for whatever reason/s the same is not known refused the offer. Utpal Pannikar contested the election as an independent candidate and lost. Has he succeeded in the poll, he would have gone on forming his own party using his father’s image like Jagan Mohan Reddy of the YSR Congress in Andhra Pradesh did in the early 2010s after his father Rajasekhar Reddy’s death in an air crash.

At the same time, we must discuss why the above said offers were made to Utpal. The answer is very simple. Utpal is the son of Manohar, and so he has the right to inherit his father’s political legacy as made understood by self-designated so-called liberal democrats such as among others Arvind Kejriwal and Mamata Banarjee owning parties such as Aam Aadmi Party and All India Trinamool Congress respectively. This is as per the practice taking place in Medieval and Ancient India and the world in which history books are best narrated. Here, I would like to remind my readers Aam Aadmi Party, which had provision for limited tenures for party office bearers, now amended the same to allow the office bearers to retain the positions they hold as long as they like, thus ensuring its present chief with designation Convener could remain in this position a la other dynasty party owners such as Gandhi, Abdullah, Badal, Banarjee, Yadavs, Reddy, Naidu, Pawar, Stalin, etc. enjoy in their respective parties.

Later Aam Aadmi Party Convener Arvind Kejriwal went on addressing election rallies in Punjab accompanying his wife and children following what Nehru did in 1959 in Congress Party meet in Kerala. So laying the foundation for Kejriwal dynasty, exactly like the foundation laying of Nehru-Gandhi dynasty in late 1950s, hoodwinking people who blindly supported Kejriwal’s India Against Corruption agitation in early 2010s using gullible Gandhian Anna Hazare.

Now, we have the Nehru-Gandhi dynasty in New Delhi, Abdullah-Mukhti dynasty in Srinagar, Badal in Chandigarh, Pawar-Thackeray in Mumbai, Yadav in Lucknow and Patna, Reddy-Naidu in Amaravati, Rao in Hyderabad, Gowda in Bangaluru, etc. as the list is very long, rarely seen in any other established democracies in the world.

Let us in short discuss the effective democratic function of dynasty politicians. In the 17th Lok Sabha, when the average Members of Parliament attendance is 81%, dynasty politicians such as Abhishek Banarjee’s attendance is 13%, Sukhbir Singh Badal – 22%, Farooq Abdullah – 49%, Rahul Gandhi – 56%, Akhilesh Yadav- 32%, Sonia Gandhi – 41%, Mulayam Singh Yadav – 67%, Chirag Ku. Paswan – 48% and Shibu Soren – 35%. Only saving graces in this above-discussed regard are attendances of dynasty products Supriya Sule-93%, the daughter of Nationalist Congress Party founder-cum-owner Sharad Pawar-73%. Except for Supriya Sule, who placed 10 Private Member Bills, none of the above-listed dynasty politicians has placed any PVB. In debate participation and question asking, except the father-daughter duo, no one dynasty products have significant contributions.

I strongly believe this dynasty politics is one of the main reasons for the proliferation of freebies which is nothing less than bribing voters in the name of welfarism, corruption and appeasement politics which are cumulatively destroying the very foundation of Indian democracy.

To remain in power, these dynasties are resorting to all kinds of undemocratic politics. In the process, they steal the election and democracy by giving tickets to their family members and royalists who may be criminals, anti-social, and at the time, anti-nationals as India had witnessed the Nehru-Gandhi dynasty’s Indira Gandhi giving tickets to the 1978 plane hijacker in 1980 UP Assembly poll, and in the process, democratizing criminals and anti-nationals.

Fortunately, Indian economy has not gone to the extent of what has taken place in Sri Lanka now, a victim of dynasty politics.

But, if no corrective step is taken now, time is not very far for India to be another Sri Lanka which is what Abrahamic preachers and Western weapon manufacturers want. For Sri Lanka, India is there to rescue her as she (India) can’t afford other countries (say for example China) from the faraway region takes advantage of debt trapped Island nation in India’s neighbourhood. Note: For India, there is none to rescue her.

वेदो के दृष्टीसे कल्याणकारी राज्य की संकल्पना: भाग 1

मनुष्य की व्यक्तिगत तथा सामूहिक उन्नति के लिए विचारकों द्वारा विकसित विविध मविधाओं में राज्य का सर्वोच्च स्थान है। मानव के सर्वांगीण विकास हेतु राज्य एक अति आवश्यक एवं उपयोगी संस्था है। इसके कल्याणकारी स्वरूप का प्रत्येक काल मे हुआ है। इसका सर्वोपरि उद्देश्य मानव समुदाय का हित है। किसी भी राज्य की महत्ता इस बात में निहित है कि वह किस सीमा तक लोक कल्याणकारी है? इस संदर्भ में राज्य का अपने नागरिकों के प्रति देश की सुरक्षा, शांति और प्रशासन के अतिरिक्त भी वृहत्तर कर्तव्य तथा उत्तरदायित्व है। इस प्रकार के दायित्वों में प्रमुख हैं- नागरिकों का अधिकाधिक हित करना, इस बात की व्यवस्था करना कि उनके जीवन स्तर (रहन-सहन तथा खान-पान) का बेहतर विकास हो, उनके भौतिक, बौद्धिक एवं नैतिक अभ्युदय के सभी साधन पर्याप्त मात्रा में सुलभ हों तथा उनकी और उनके संतानों की शिक्षा का समुचित प्रबंध हो। इस प्रकार “वह राज्य लोक हितकारी होता है, जो अपने नागरिकों के लिए व्यापक समाज सेवाओं की व्यवस्था करता है।”

प्रत्येक शासन प्रणाली का राज्य अपनी परिस्थितियों एवं संसाधन के अनुरूप अपने को जनकल्याणकारी बनाने के लिए सचेष्ट रहता है, क्योंकि किसी भी राज्य की शक्ति और स्थिति उसके निवासियों की संपन्नता, सुख और विकास पर अवलंबित है। मानव हित के साधन के रूप में राज्य का विकास प्राचीन भारतीय चिंतन में तथा पाश्चात्य राजनीतिक विचारधारा में एक जैसा दिखाई देता है।

प्राचीन भारतीय विचारकों ने धर्म, दर्शन, अध्यात्म एवं विज्ञान के चिंतन में विशेष तत्परता प्रदर्शित की थी। फिर भी उन्होंने मनुष्य के भौतिक सुखों को नियंत्रित तथा अनुशासित करनेवाले विषयों की उपेक्षा नहीं की। वैदिक व ब्राह्मण साहित्य में स्पष्ट रूप से राज्य के उद्देश्य में यह वर्णित है कि “शांति-व्यवस्था, सुरक्षा एवं न्याय ही राज्य का मूल कर्तव्य एवं लक्ष्य है। प्रजा की नैतिक व भौतिक उन्नति ही राज्य का परम उद्देश्य है।” इसी प्रकार ‘महाभारत’ के शांति पर्व में यह कहा गया है कि “राज्य को निरंतर सत्य की रक्षा करनी चाहिए।

व्यक्तियों के नैतिक जीवन का पथ-प्रदर्शन, शुद्धि तथा नियंत्रण करना चाहिए तथा पृथ्वी को मनुष्य के लिए निवास योग्य एवं सुखदायिनी बनाना चाहिए।” इस प्रकार प्राचीन भारतीय चिंतन में, प्रजा का सर्वांगीण कल्याण ही राज्य का परम उद्देश्य माना जाता था।” लोक कल्याणकारी राज्य का स्वरूप देशकाल के अनुसार बदलता रहता है। प्रत्येक युग के विचारकों ने इसे सामाजिक संदर्भों में परिभाषित करने की चेष्टा की है। यूनानी राजनीतिक चिंतक अरस्तु की इस प्रसंग में उक्तिः सर्वाधिक समीचीन है। उसके अनुसार, “राज्य का अस्तित्व जीवन (भौतिक उन्नति) के लिए है तथा उसकी निरंतरता सद्जीवन (नैतिक जीवन) के लिए है।

भारतवर्ष सृष्टि का आरंभ कृतयुग (सत्ययुग) से मानता है। कृतयुग का प्रजा धर्मनिष्ठ, सदाचारी और ब्रह्मज्ञानी थी। प्रजा अपनी रक्षा पारस्परिक धर्म का पालन करके करती थी। प्रजा के वर्णाश्रम धर्म की रक्षा के लिए किसी राजा की आवश्यकता नहीं थी। साम्यभाव पराकाष्ठा पर था। यह साम्यभाव किसी बाह्य शक्ति के भय से नहीं वरन विद्या, त्याग, तपस्या तथा कल्याणकारी दैवी नियमों के ज्ञानरूपी आंतरिक शक्ति से प्रेरित होकर मानसी प्रजा ने स्वतः अपनाया था। प्रत्येक जीव में अपने ही समान आत्मा के दर्शन से ऐसे साम्यभाव की स्थापना हुई थी।