जो सब अन्यों के वश में होता है वह दुःख है, जो सब अपने वश में होता है वह सुख है। आत्मनिर्भर भारत मतलब विदेशो की बैसाखी का सहारा छोड स्वयं के पैरो पर खडा भारत, अपनी आत्मा पर निर्भर भारत और भारत की आत्मा उसकी ज्ञान, संस्कृति, सिद्धांत व मूल्य आधारित व्यवस्थायें है, अर्थव्यवस्था जिसका की एक महत्वपूर्ण अंग है। वैश्विकस्तर पर सदा खुली रहने वाली इस अर्थव्यवस्था का स्वरूप आत्मकेन्द्रित ना होकर वसुधैव कुटुम्बकम् के सिद्धांत से प्रेरित है।
भारत सिर्फ एक देश नहीं अपितु एक राष्ट्र है, जिसकी संपूर्ण विश्व में अलग संस्कृति, झलक व पहचान है। यहाँ के ऋषि-मुनि ज्ञान की पराकाष्ठा थे तथा विश्व में ऐसी कोई स्थिती परिस्थिती ना थी जिससे वे अनभिज्ञ थे तथा इसिलिये यह विश्व मे अग्रणी, ज्ञानदूत तथा शांतिदूत रहा। उन्ही के परिश्रम, आध्यात्मदर्शन व व्यवहारिक कुशलता के कारण भारत प्रारंभ से ही आत्मनिर्भर रहा किंतु विदेशी आक्रांताओ ने उस सुख, समृद्धि और वैभव की लूट व बंदरबाट की चाह मे आक्रमणो के माध्यम से भारत के प्राचीन, ऐतिहासिक, पौराणिक ज्ञान कौशल को नष्ट किया।
किसी भी देश की आर्थिक, सामाजिक उन्नति, सुखशांति व आंतरिक सुरक्षा उसके नागरिको के संयम,परिश्रम एवं कौशल पर निर्भर करती है एवं इनके बिना संपूर्ण राष्ट्र की नैतिकता व अर्थव्यवस्था पंगु होकर अपनी विशिष्टता खो देती है जो कि पिछले कई वर्षो में भारत के साथ हुआ। आज हमें अपने राष्ट्र का पुनर्निर्माण करके इसकी वैभवशाली ऐतिहासिक अर्थव्यवस्था एवं परंपराओं को पुनर्जिवित करने के लिये अथक परिश्रम की आवश्यकता है तथा उसी परिश्रम को आत्मनिर्भर भारत की संज्ञा दी गई है।
आज पूरा विश्व एक भयावह कोरोना संकट का सामना कर रहा है तथा भारत का इससे संघर्ष और महत्वपूर्ण इसलिये हो जाता है क्योकि इस समय अन्य देश स्वयं को बचाने मे लगे है एवं भारत इस आपदा को एक स्वर्णिम अवसर बनाने की दृष्टि से देख रहा है। किसी भी राष्ट्र का वास्तविक विकास चाहे वह आर्थिक हो या सामाजिक, उसका अंदाजा लगाने का पैमाना यह भी है कि वह सामरिक अथवा स्वास्थ्य संकट के समय यह स्वयं एक राष्ट्र के रूप में कहाँ खडा है, वह उस समय स्वयं उबरने की क्षमता, साहस रखता है अथवा किसी ओर देश की ओर ताकने में विश्वास रखता है। चूँकि हम अनंतकाल से एक राष्ट्र के रूप में स्थापित है अतः संकटकाल में हमारी एक जिम्मेवारी यह भी बनती है कि हमारे द्वार पर कोई अन्य देश हमसे सहयोग प्राप्त करने की आशा में खडा हो, तो वह खाली हाथ ना लौटे जो कि हमने विभिन्न देशों को चिकित्सकीय सहायता पहूँचाकर सिद्ध भी करके दिखाया। आज जब संपूर्ण विश्व में आयात-निर्यात का बाजार एक थमें पहिये की भाँती है तब हम अन्योन्य देशों का सहारा बनकर खडे हुये है, यह संभव हो सका है तो सिर्फ और सिर्फ हमारी विश्वकल्याणकेन्द्रित आत्मनिर्भरता के कारण और ऐसे समय में जब विदेशों से आयात थमा है तब स्थानीय उद्योग एवं उनके उत्पाद ही देश का सहारा बनके खडे है और इस संकट से गुजर रहे एक बडे वर्ग का यथासंभव सहयोग कर पा रहे है जो कि हमारे ही सहयोग का परिणाम है।
अतएव यह स्पष्ट है कि जब स्वयं को सिद्ध करने की चुनौती हो एवं सक्षम राष्ट्र के रूप में खडे होने का अवसर हो तब स्थानीय उत्पादों पर आधारित स्वदेशी मजबूत अर्थव्यवस्था ही संबल बनकर देश को अपने कंधो पर उठाये रखती है और इसी के साथ उस संकल्प का भी जन्म होता है जो हमारे स्थानीय उत्पादों को उस वैश्विक बाजार में पहूँचाने का कार्य करता है जिस वैश्विक बाजार से हम आयात किया करते है। इस संकल्प को सिद्धी तक पहूँचाने का भार ना सिर्फ सरकार पर अपितु हर नागरिक, संपूर्ण सभ्य समाज पर है ।वर्ष 1835 के पहले भारत हर क्षेत्र में विकसित होकर एक महाशक्ति के रूप मे खडा था तथा विश्वस्तर पर हमारा निर्यात 33% था । 36 प्रकार के विभिन्न स्थानीय उद्योगों के माध्यम से 2000 प्राथमिक उत्पादों के आधार पर कुटीर व लघु उद्योग की अर्थव्यवस्था विकसित थी, वृहद स्तर कार्य इससे अलग था और इन सबके पीछे की संकल्पना थी वो थी आत्मनिर्भर भारत।
आज उसी संकल्प को हम दोहरा रहे है जिसमें कई स्तरो पर प्रयास करने की महती आवश्यकता है जैसे कृषि उत्पाद क्षेत्रो को बढावा देना, ग्रामीण स्तर पर रोजगार उन्मूलक सृजनात्मक साधनो का उपलब्ध कराना, स्वास्थ्य सेवाओं की पहूँच ग्रामीण स्तर तक हो क्योंकि आज भी एक बडा वर्ग निर्धनता के कारण स्वास्थ्य लाभ से वंचित है जिसका असर उसकी पूरी पीढी व उसकी कार्यक्षमता पर पडा है। एक आत्मनिर्भर राष्ट्र बनने की इस कडी में नागरिको का दर्शन व चिंतन एक उचित दिशा में हो अतः उसकी शिक्षा-दीक्षा का प्रबंधन उद्यमिता विकास एवं राष्ट्रीय हितों पर केन्द्रित होने के साथ विश्वबंधुत्व की भावना मे अभिरूचि उत्पन्न करने वाला हो ऐसी एक व्यवस्था खडी करना भी हमारी प्राथमिकता होना चाहिये। स्वदेशी का एक महत्वपूर्ण पक्ष यह भी है कि वह राष्ट्र के ही नागरिकों के स्तर की आवश्यकता और निजी विशेषताओं को ध्यान में रखकर ही निर्मित किया जाता है, देश के लाखो श्रमिको का श्रम उसे सम्माननीय बनाता है तथा उपभोगकर्ता की आत्मीयता उससे बंधी हुई होती है व संपूर्ण लाभांश राष्ट्र के विकास में ही जाता है।
अतः आज हम सभी का दायित्व यही है कि आत्मनिर्भर भारत के संकल्प को सिद्ध करने के लिये भाषा व व्यवहार को स्वदेशी बनाते हुये इस विशाल अर्थव्यवस्था के स्वदेशीकरण में अपना सहयोग प्रदान करें, क्योंकि आत्मनिर्भर भारत प्रकृति पर्यावरण का संरक्षक है, समाज का आधार है। आत्मनिर्भर भारत राष्ट्र के उत्थान का एकमात्र उज्जवल मार्ग है। भारत माता की जय
Indian civilization is one of the oldest living civilizations. Indian civilization has a rich culture of science and technology. Ancient India gave so much significant to science world. India was a centre of the education. Ancient India was rich science, it also had a excellent knowledge in the field Medicine (Ayurveda, Siddha and Yoga), Astrology, Astronomy, Sculpture, Engineering, Mathematics, Economics and many other disciplines.
India is land of so many great sages and scholars. They gave many great concepts and theories without which this modern revolution in science was not possible.But the sad part about all these things that they never got credits for their works, techniques, theories and innovations many works are still unknown to the world.
Here you will know about some important innovations, theories and concepts that lead the world to modern sciences.
1. Zero and Decimal System
Credits-pixabay
‘ZERO’ was a very significant and popular idea which was developed by Indian mathematician Aryabhatta .
The origin of the modern decimal system can be found to the Aryabhatiya (a book by Aryabhatta), in which Aryabhatta wrote sthānāt sthānaṁ daśaguṇaṁ syāt this means that from place to place each is ten times the preceding.
2.Binary Numbers
We all know importance of binary numbers which are used in computer. Binary numbers are basic language in computer programs are written.
Pingala, the author of Chandahsastra firstly described a concept similar to modern binary system. Pingala (in Chandahsastra 8.23) assigned two combinations to represent various other numbers. Combination used by Pingala were laghu (light) and guru (heavy),similar to 0 and 1 used in binary system.
Pingala also invented many other concepts i.e. Matrameru (Fibonacci numbers), Numeral system, Meruprasastra(Pascal’s triangle) and arithmetical triangle etc.
3.The Heliocentric Theory
Heliocentric Theory states that earth and planets revolve around the sun in solar system. Aryabhatta (476–550), in his work Aryabhatiya (499), proposed a planetary model in which he wrote Earth is spinning on its axis and time of revolution of planets around Sun was determined with respect to distance from Sun.
4.Ancient Dentistry
Credits-pixabay
Dentistary is a branch of medical science which deals with the detailed study of teeth.It includes study, diagnosis of disease, prevention from disease and treatment. Evidences obtained from Indus Valley Civilization suggests that dentistary has been practicing before 7000BC. Remains obtained from excavation site of Indus Valley Civilization tells that methods used for treatment of teeth were much successful and reliable.
5.Ayurveda
Ayurveda is a system of medicine which was invented and developed in India. Ayurveda includes herbal medicines, minerals and metals. Word Ayurveda literally means (aayu = life; veda = knowledge) knowledge of life. Ayurveda has been traced around 6000 BC. Charak samhita and Susruta samhita are to ancient manuscripts written in sanskrit describes about Ayurveda.
6.Cataract Surgery
First known cataract surgery was performed in India by an Indian surgeon Susruta. He did cataract surgery (couching). Various types of surgeries are described in his book Susruta samhita.
7.Yoga
Yoga is a group physical, mental and spiritual practices or disciplines. Yoga was originated in ancient India.Yoga is described in ancient holy text Rigveda. It was invented around 3000 BC in ancient India.
Word Yoga is derived from sanskrit word yuj which means ‘to join’ or ‘to attach’. It helps to connect us our body with mind.
Yoga helps in improvement of health of our mind and body. It is now widely practised across the world.
8.Plastic surgery
Credits-pixabay
Susruta is considered as first surgeon. Susruta was founding father of surgery in India. He did various types of surgeries, plastic surgery (of nose) was also one of them. Susruta developed technologies for reconstruction of organs.
Susruta also described various types of surgical instruments which can be used during surgery, in his Susruta samhita.
9.Atomic Theory
Credits-pixabay
Kanada, an ancient Indian natural scientist and philosopher firstly gave concept of ATOMISM.
He ddescribed his idea in his text vaisheshika sútrà (a.k.a. Kannada sútrà). In this text he described about Dravaya(matter) , anu (molecules) ,parmanu (atom) , guna(properties) etc.
10.Hydrology and water management
Credits-pixabay
Ancient India had a great knowledge about hydrology and water management.
In India it is known through Vedic period (1500-500 BC).Harappan civilization and Vedic civilization had best technologies for water management.Harappa civilization excavation sites are proof of a well developed hydrology water management system were used.
Maurayan eempire (322 – 185 BC) is credited as first hydrologic civilization. During mauryan empire a lot of construction work of dams, spillways, development of water piercing system etc. had occurred.
Vibrant! Is the expression often used to describe India’s democracy. There are countless videos celebrating the diversity of India and the way it is represented in the massive excercise called the General Election. The largest festival of democracy in the world. Some 61 crore Indians who voted in the 2019 general elections did not only fulfil their democratic responsibility but also celebrate it after doing so. As a patriotic and an unabashed nationalistic Indian, I feel proud of the images I see. The lengths to which we go so that every single person gets a say in the future of the country they live in is astounding. Election duty workers hike mountains, traverse dry deserts, cross rivers and other natural wonders that Mother India is endowed with to reach the tiniest of villages gives me a sense of undying hope in the system.
But my reservations emerge when the actual heavy lifting starts. The part called governance. I ask myself, what makes a democracy vibrant? There can be many answers to this question. But as an active participant and an enthusiastic reader I came to the conclusion that a democracy becomes vibrant and mature when it has an efficient feedback mechanism. That mechanism in a democracy is called as ‘The opposition’. We often limit the function of governance to the ruling disposition. But as any well functioning system needs feedback, the government requires a steady stream of effective feedback from the opposition even when it dons a political coat. But what happens when the opposition is not effective? It accentuates gains as well as losses as there are no checks or balances.
We in our vibrant democracy in India have not had an effective opposition for most of its post independent history. We have been a single dominant party system for a considerable amount of time. Post independence we developed a culture wherein any opposition was supposed to be crushed completely to maintain control. Thus any credible opposition was crushed using the state machinery at the ruler’s discretion. Fast forward to the nineties where we saw the rise of a formiable opposition power because of a combination of multiple sociopolitical events. The decade that followed was probably the only time that we had a powerful opposition that could keep the government on its toes. The era also ushered in the times of the coalitions, which lasted till 2014 after which we saw the rise of a single dominant party yet again.
What can be the reason behind this peculiar condition?
India political parties do not know how to be a good opposition. Lets take a look at the events post 2004.
The BJP very effectively took advantage of the political mess that was created in the country by virtue of countless scams and governance malpractices under the UPA. There was an uprising among the people who were sick and tired of the headlines they read every morning which culminated in a huge mass movement. The BJP saw the tide turning and was able to ride the ‘wave’ which decimated the UPA’s shaky foundations. The BJP did not just beat the UPA. The UPA was shamed out of office by the country. And that is how the UPA took it. Thus as we see today the opposition, instead of raising important and relavant questions is busy drumming up scams that probably never happened in order to do the same to this government what was done to them. The opposition is not behaving like an opposition should. They are behaving like an outsider waiting for the government to make a mistake so that they can snatch power again and rule the country. Many supporters of the government take pride in the oppostition going into obscurity. But this does more harm than good. As the feedback mechanism in a system becomes obsolete, it closes the doors for improvement or betterment which ultimately can lead to a disaster.
We need a good oppostition. We have a very well established standard for measuring the performance of the government. But how do we judge an opposition? We have to look at the issues they raise, the quality of questions they ask, their behaviour in the parliament sessions and outside. Are they behaving in the national interest or they are just power hungry predators. We as voters need to be cognizant of these facts as well. It is by doing this we will be able to hold the government and the opposition accountable to their respective responsibilities. The mindless bickering and politicisation of almost every societal aspect goes to show our political and democratic maturity. A democracy is not a natural way of things. It is a state of mind cemented by the hard work of the people like us who don’t shy away from the doing the heavylifting to push ourselves to gain intellectual maturity.
It is the only way we can make our democracy a truly vibrant one.
History knowing is important to understand the present, face situations and not repeat mistakes. India did not share borders with China in 1947. Mao believed in aggression, expansion and wanted to capture “HAND”-Tibet was the palm and five fingers were Ladakh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh. After annexing Tibet and sharing border with India, China signed Panch sheel treaty of five principles with India, but always wanted to capture the fingers. In just 15 years after independence, when India lost Aksai Chin to China, Prime minister Nehru said “Not a blade of grass grows in that area”. China has completed 50 year long construction in hostile climatic Aksai Chin developing roads, infra structure and military bases and increased hold on Tibet and Pakistan.
Today Aksai chin has become strategic and military asset opening economic corridors. Chinese aggression and occupation of Indian land continued with variable intensity till 2013. Change from 2014 was the resistance to the intrusion of China and the long-needed development happening at the India- China border areas.
Ladakh was an area of strategic importance for the international trade routes extending from Siachin glacier to Himalayas. Raja Gulabh Sing of Jammu in the process of establishing Sikh Empire invaded Ladakh ,conquered and annexed Ladakh to Jammu in 1834. After the defeat of Sikhs in the first Anglo- Sikh war, Jammu and Kashmir (J &K) was established as the second largest princely state in British India with Gulab singh as prince of J & K. In 1947 after partition of India, Pakistani army invaded J & k. On october 24 1947, Maharaja Hari Singh signed the Instrument of Accession and joined his princely state (J&K, Ladakh, Aksai Chin, Trans Karakoram tract and northern areas) totally to India. Ladakh shared borders with Tibet on east, Gilgit –Baltistan of Pakistan occupied Kashmir (POK) on west, Xinjiang (Uyghur) across Karakoram pass on north and Himachal Pradesh on south.
India did not share any border with China in 1947. China intruded and occupied Xinjiang in 1949 and Tibet in 1950. In 1949, China blocked old trade route between Ladakh and Xinjiang. Aksai Chin has important road links between Tibet and Xinjiang. China went on claiming Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh to be part of China. In 1954 India and China signed Panch Sheel Treaty for peaceful cooperation, respect and non agression on the trade and course of action between India and China occupied Tibet. A slogan Hindi- Chini Bhai-Bhai (Indian and Chinese are brothers) was popoulrised. Burmese Premiere Ba Swe warned Nehru to be cautious when dealing with Zhou and CIA documents revealed that Nehru ignored the warning.
China went ahead and began building 1200 km roads connecting Tibet and Xinjiang by 1955 in Aksai Chin and built out posts in Aksai Chin. India found out after the road was constructed and Nehru disclosed details in parliament in 1959 and wanted to solve the issue diplomatically. CIA reports allegedly suggest that Nehru had reports of the road construction in Aksai Chin by 1954 and dismissed them. In 1959, 14th Dalai lama was expelled from Tibet and was given asylum in India. China claimed NEFA (North East Frontier Area) and Aksai Chin to be belonging to China.This was followed by frequent negotiations and border conflicts which culminated in Indo China war in 1962. Nehru refused to increase military spending and prepare for war when the skirmishes were happening at India China border. In June 1962, Nehru said to media that he gave army free hand and asked to free Indian territory of Thang la.
The operation to occupy Thang La was flawed as the directives of Nehru were unclear and also the validity of Thang la being Indian territory. Chinese were able to retreat Indian soldiers and this incident had grave implications for India and Nehru. The Indian side was confident war would not be triggered and little prepared. The Indian troops fought with Chinese with full vigor instead of receiving little support from then Indian government. Even in September 1962, when Indian troops were ordered to “expel the Chinese” from Thag La, Maj. General J. S. Dhillon expressed the opinion that “experience in Ladakh had shown that a few rounds fired at the Chinese would cause them to run away.”Because of this, the Indian army was completely unprepared when the attack at Yumtso La occurred. Recently declassified CIA documents which were compiled at the time reveal that India’s estimates of Chinese capabilities made them neglect their military.
It is claimed that if a more military-minded man had been in place instead of Nehru, India would have been more likely to have been ready for the threat of a counter-attack from China. India lost Aksai Chin of 37,244 square kms area to China in 1962 war. China captured most of NEFA or present Arunachal Pradesh which was restored to India after cease fire as USA, Russia and Britain supported India. Then Line of Actual Control (LAC ) came into existence after the war which was not well demarcated. The extent of India china border is 3488 kms and comprising of Ladakh on west with 1597 kms, Himachal Pradesh & Uttarakhand in middle with 545 kms and Sikkim &Arunachal Pradesh on east with 1346 kms.
After the war of 1962 Pakistan and China strengthened their relations. Karakoram Pass was a common tripoint for three countries of India, China & Pakistan. In 1963, China and Pakistan signed a Sino -Pakistan Frontier agreement and China gained control over Karakoram Pass without involving India at all. China built 1300 kms Karakoram highway connecting Gilgit Baltistan of POK with Xinjiang of China from 1959 to 1979. From 1962 there used to frequent skirmishes and fights near LAC mainly in Ladakh, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.
In 1967 Chinese army tried intrusion and building posts at Nathu La and Chola La of Sikkim which resulted in clashes resulted in death of 80 Indian soldiers and several Chinese soldiers. Indian army retaliated successfully and retained control over Sikkim. Prior to Indian independence, Jawaharlal Nehru, as the Vice President of the Executive Council, pushed through a resolution in the Indian Constituent Assembly to the effect that Sikkim and Bhutan, as Himalayan states, were not ‘Indian states’. In 1975 people of Sikkim opposed monarchy and joined India by referendum which was not accepted by China. In 1975 chinese army crossed into Tulung La, Arunachal Pradesh and killed 4 Indian soldiers on patrol.In 1987 military confrontation happened in Sumdorong Chu valley in Arunachal Pradesh after which Indian Foreign minister visited Beijing for talks.
PM Rajeev Gandhi visited China for talks in 1998. An agreement for maintaining peace along LAC was signed in 1993. But, China was continuing with intrusions and fights along LAC used to happen. Allegedly China used to intrude and encroach small parts of Indian land till 2013 which is labeled as “Salami Slicing “or “Nibbling in bits”. In UPA regime China supposedly occupied Tia Pangnak, Chumur and Chabji valley in 2008. India lost Doom Cheley (ancient trade point) between Dungti and Demjok in 2008-2009 during UPA regime. Chinese army destroyed Zora war fort in Demjok in 2008 and set up an observation point. Chinese also built new Demjok colony with 13 cemented houses. In April 2013,50 trops of Chinese army set up camps in Despang plains of Ladakh and later withdrew.Alleged reports say that former foreign secretary Shyam Sharan in 2013 informed then PM Manmohan Singh that China army set a new LAC encroaching 640 sq. km Indian territory in Ladakh.
It is a sad reality that the governments till 1999 did not give importance for developing infrastructure in Kashmir, Ladakh and North east . Atal Bihari Vajpayee government increased defense budget for procuring advanced military equipment and infrastructure. One cannot forget the incident of then Defense minister, George Fernandes sending 2 senior bureaucrats to stay in Siachen over delay in procurement of snow bikes and equipment for soldiers. Atal government created road map and gave consent for developing roads along Pakistan and China borders. Next UPA government did not prioritize the work and only in 2012 the government identified 73 roads of 3812 kms along India China border with a meagre budget allocation of 4000 crores from 2009 to 2014.
Narendra Modi government from 2014 has emphasized on “Transformation by Transport” policy for the economic progress, inclusiveness and security of North east and border areas which were lacking in basic infrastructure facilities. Modi government focused on developing infrastructure of roads, railways, airports and power projects and increased budget allocation, with 100% allocation by central government. Modi government in 2 years of 2015 to 2017 allocated 4.7 billion dollars (35,800 crores rupees) for Border Roads Organization (BRO) for border roads construction. BRO constructed 51 border roads by 2017 and is constructing 61 Roads with total length of 3,346 kms and 410 heavy load bearing world bridges along LAC in Ladakh ,Arunachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Sikkim, Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh.BRO is constructing 17 road and rail tunnels on 73 strategic India china border roads including Atal Manali -Leh tunnel and Joji La tunnel.
An amount of 32,000 crores was allotted for 3800 km roads construction in North east by 2018. Modi announced another Rs. 60,000 crores under the Special Accelerated Road Development Programme in the northeast and Rs. 30,000 crore under the Bharatmala project. The Cabinet Committee on Security in 2019 had also cleared the construction of 44 more “strategically important roads” along the India-China border with cost of around Rs 21,040 crore. Airbases and airports were developed and Sikkim got first airport under Modi government. Such infrastructure improvement will allow easy faster transport of essentials and military equipment to border areas even in snow falls and harsh winters.
China was objecting to all construction activities done by Modi government in Ladakh and north east. In 2017, China tried to construct roads in Doklam, a trijunction point of India, China & Bhutan. India stood with ally Bhutan and China retreated. By 2019 Modi government finished 220 km Darbuk–Shyok- Daulat Beg Oldi (DBO) DS-DBO all-weather road in eastern Ladakh in India, close to LAC connecting Leh, with the Daulat Beg Oldi DBO post near the China border.This decreased time to travel from days to few hours from Ladakh to Shyok and Galwan Valley connecting Pangong Tso and many villages also. Since May 2020, China has increased intrusions along LAC resulting in skirmishes with Indian soldiers mainlyt at Galwan Valley, Pangong Tso and Chushul Valley.
After high levels talks of army officers both sides agreed to retreat on June 10th. On June 15th 2020 Indian soldiers on patrol asked Chinese to remove tent in the disputed area near LAC in Galwan valley near DBO post. Chinese army in a preplanned manner attacked the Indian soldiers on patrol in Galwan valley with clubs, sharp instruments, etc.. Indian soldiers retaliated and removed the post. Twenty Indian soldiers were martyred and 43 Chinese soldiers were allegedly killed.
China has a lot of problems internally and globally. China has increasing debts, poverty and unemployment. Xi Jinping is facing criticism from the party and people for the way of handling corona crisis. Xi has promised China that Macau, Hong kong and Taiwan will be annexed completely into China by 2021. China is in conflict with many countries like Japan, Australia, America, Vietnam, Malaysia, Cambodia, Taiwan, Hong Kong etc.. over trade or border issues. In 2017, India along with Japan, America and Australia revived “Quad” for combined strategic military co-operation.
In 2017, India also joined the “Shangai Coperation Organization” founded by China and Russia. India and many other countries are blaming China for corona crisis and putting efforts to shift manufacturing firms out of China. Some manufacturing firms are shifting to India. In these circumstances to divert global attention and to interrupt the developmental activities done by India China resorted to the old tactics of intrusion, aggression and thought of nibbling land again. But, this time India retaliated and resisted the Chinese. Since Modi became Prime minister since 2014, India did not lose land and will not lose any further.
Sita is an indispensable part of Indian women psyche, but she is often cited just as an epitome of sacrifice and submissiveness. In fact, for so many who have least understanding of Indic ethos and it’s scriptures, she is frequently misinterpreted, as a symbol of oppression. The agenda behind it is to portray, the Sanatan culture, as highly regressive. This is not just a great injustice to the Sanatan Dharma but also substantially mortifying the character of Sita, who not just manifested courage in her difficult times but also personified wisdom in its truest sense. Therefore, in order to understand Sita flawlessly, one must stop looking her from the lens of western feminism because it stands completely in antagonism to our ideals and principles.
Sita, the daughter of King Janaka can’t be lesser wise than her father. King Janak had secured in his kingdom a big treasure of wisdom, in the form of various Brahama- Jnanai viz. Seer Ashtavakra, Sage Yagnavalkya etc. His court hosted Brahma-Sabhas frequently, where debates and discussions used to take place regarding Brahman-Jnana. Therefore, Janaka was overwhelmingly under the influence of this metaphysical wisdom, contained prominently in our Vedas or the Upanishdas, that, he followed his Dharma of Kingship with utmost detachment. He was living this ultimate wisdom by practicing it in his life. This profound tradition was an integral facet of the Mithila Kingdom and it was in this atmosphere, Sita grew up. Hence, Sita carried this legacy of her father, which made indelible influence on her disposition, which she reflects at various occasions in her life.
Sita was the incarnation of Devi Lakshmi, as Ram being of Lord Vishnu. They had come into this mortal form to set some ideals for all of us. Ram lived the life of Maryada Purshottam, Sita too proved herself as a quintessential woman in all aspects, needed to be emulated in the ages to come. She conducted herself in the manner that she became a symbol of boldness alongside grace and humility. She demonstrated it numerous times by being assertive yet affable. Her decision to accompany her husband in the forest bears testimony to it. It was her grit and determination which made her strong enough to take such decision. This is further illustrated while she lives in the custody of Ravan. The resoluteness and strength of character that she displayed during that tumultuous period is unparalleled. This elevates her stature at a very high pedestal and teaches all women folks a great lesson to withstand all challenges with temerity and audacity.
The highest exhibition of her intellect is seen when she accepts her banishment willfully so that Lord Rama fulfills his Raj Dharma ably. It happened because she was well aware of the duties of a true ruler as per Dharma. She preferred to leave for the forest rather being a hindrance in the path of her husband’s Royal duty. The character of Sita here doesn’t need our pity or sympathy because she knew what to do next and so she decided to go directly to the hermitage of Rishi Valmiki to give accomplished upbringing to her sons. It was her conviction, which made her hard like a rock, while rearing the children. The wisdom that she carried from her father as well her husband, became the core of the values she inculcated in both the sons. By imparting best knowledge to her children, she proved her mettle of being the greatest teacher in the form of a mother. In this way she posits herself as the biggest role model for women, who are the first Gurus of their children and how alike Sita, they can become the finest teachers for them.
Devi Sita is henceforth the biggest strength of Lord Rama. She is that Shakti which provides dynamism to the cosmos. Lord Rama, the Purusha and she being the Prakriti. Fundamentally they are one, Shakti is the creative energy which enables Atman to get one with Brahman.
When the Param Purusha, who is known through the Vedas, was born as Rama, the Vedas themselves took upon the form of Ramayana and were written by Valmiki Maharshi.
Sita is the vigour behind all the vital energies of Lord Rama’s life. She is that immaculate power of devotion which doesn’t get tempted by the attractions of this world. Ravana is the Ego, which Sita challenges wisely.
शक्या लोभयितुं नाहमैश्वर्येण धनेन वा।।
अनन्या राघवेणाहं भास्करेण प्रभा यथा।
“I cannot be lured by your power or wealth. I am inseparable from Raghava like light from the Sun”.
Sita’s awareness never allows the Ego to overpower her, which finally gets annihilated by Rama.
This allegory of Ram and Sita as Purusha and Prakriti is beautifully deleniated by Tulsidas ji too in the following words,
श्रुति सेतु पालक राम तुम्ह जगदीस माया जानकी। जो सृजति जगु पालति हरति रूख पाइ कृपानिधान की।।
O Rama, the protector of Vedas, is the lord of the Universe and Janakī happens to be His inseparable Maya who is responsible for creation, existence and its disappearance as per His own will.
Thus, all these aforementioned facts regarding Devi Sita suggest explicitly that, we must avoid being highly judgmental regarding her because she is sufficiently competent to prove herself unequivocally. She can’t be understood superficially but what is required is the profundity of thoughts. Sita is to be lived besides being revered.
Why is China so worried about Ladakh’s Galwan valley? Why did China suddenly become so aggressive on India like a bolt from the blue? Is it a sudden reaction, or is it just a small part of a larger plan? In fact, there are many reasons behind this suspicion and doubt. Is china reluctant to recognise the Himalayas as its natural southern border?
The history of China’s refusal to accept the Himalayas as its natural southern border is quite old. In the 1950s, Mao Zedong was quoted as saying that Tibet was the right hand of China and the five fingers of this hand were Kashmir, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan and North East Frontier. But these five fingers described by Mao are either part of India or under Indian Influence. Mao’s aim was to bring these five territories under Chinese control and annex them to Tibet.
Now the question is Why did China make this plan even after occupying Tibet? The simple answer is that if China is to become the world’s most powerful nation, it must first establish absolute dominance in Asia. For now, China’s main obstacles to monopolising Asia alone are India, South Korea and Japan. For this reason, China is currently trying to establish its dominance in the Southern part of the Himalayas. In addition, China wants a direct connection to the Indian Ocean to expand its power by Sea.
China is just as desperate to dominate the South China Sea as it is to dominate the Indian Ocean. China’s fight for dominance in the South China Sea is with United States and this fight is with India in the Indian Ocean. Most of China’s fuel oil and gas flows through the Persian Gulf to the South China Sea via Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean to reach mainland China. In other words, it is the only sea route for China to become a major industrial hub in the world. So it is not surprising that China wants to control the Indian Ocean. This is why China has launched a series of seaports to encircle India in the Indian Ocean region, known as the ‘String of Pearls’.
This is just a small part of the big canvas. Experts say there are economic, social and political reasons behind China’s aggressive attitude in Ladakh. It is now well known that the whole world is blaming China for Corona epidemic. There have been serious allegations against China for withholding information about COVID 19. On the one hand, China is engaged in a fierce trade war with United States. On the other hand, China has become the eyesore of European countries as thousands of Europeans have died in the Corona outbreak. In this situation, one State after another is cancelling the orders of Chinese companies. As a result, Chinese exports are facing huge challenges. In the wake China’s plight, countries like Thailand and Vietnam are appealing to the outside world to invest in them instead of China. One step further, Japan has set up a special fund for all countries that leave China to invest in them. Under the pressure of the situation, China has had to waive interest on loans to Africa and Latin American countries in order to maintain own image. There are signals of catastrophe for the Chinese economy, which is mired in debt.
It is clear from the above facts that the time is not going very well for the Chinese President Xi Jinping. But a few days ago, Jinping’s Jupiter was at its peak. The Chinese Constitution was amended to keep Jinping in the highest position of China. That is, he was given the approval to remain in office indefinitely even after the expiration of his term as President in 2022. Deng Xiaoping introduced this method to stop the misrule caused by a ruler holding the same position for a long period of time. The new activities of Xi Jinping not only thwarted Den’s attempt but also paved the way for him to become the incarnation of Mao. The western media has already dubbed Xi Jinping the new version of Mao Zedong.
Let us now come to the second part of this article. The reason behind the Chinese invasion of India’s territory in 1962 is generally believed to be a Chinese anger over Nehru’s policy of building military bases along the Chinese border. Although it is popularly known as the cause of the Sino-Indian war, the real reason behind this war is different. The Great Leap Forward launched in China with a huge bang in 1958 caused the Chinese economy to collapse, leaving 20-40 million people dead. This failure of the Great Leap Forward in just three years not only angered the Chinese people, but also erode their confidence in Mao’s leadership. In order to stay in power, Mao had to do something to divert the attention of the people of the country. Aiming at India as a soft target, Mao planned to kill two birds with one stone.
Moreover, there were other reasons to attack India. Firstly, China’s border dispute with India dates back to British rule. Secondly, from the beginning of the 20th century, China did not agree to recognise Tibet as an independent State. Thirdly, China was furious with India after the Dalai Lama fled to India 9 years after forcibly occupying Tibet. Because the Dalai Lama was given asylum by India in Dharamshala, China’s image in the eyes of world was tarnished and China was branded as an invader. In 1959, China made it clear that India would be given a fair answer for all these reasons. From the following year, China began preparing to invade India. This means that China has long planned to attack India. It would be wrong to think it as a temporary aggression.
The fact that China has always been jealous of India can easily be understood by analysing the world politics before the 1962 Sino-Indian War. The Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru led the policy of non-alignment adopted at the 1955 Bandung Conference. That Policy was universally acclaimed and Prime Minister Nehru of India gained popularity as one of the exemplars of this policy. By applying this policy, India was also making its own dignified place in world politics. Mao Zedong’s China could not accept neighbouring India getting the spotlight of the international politics. Mao thought that the rise of India would create an obstacle to China’s soul dominance in Asia. The only way to tarnish Nehru’s image is to subdue India. At the same time, china will be considered the best is Asia if it can subdue India. The reign of Jinping is very similar to that of Mao . When power is centralised, it turns to dictatorship. In order to maintain his power, The dictator does not hesitate to resort to any hateful means, not even to fight. This has also happened in the case of Mao, it is also happening during Jinping rule.
This is the real reason behind the Chinese attack of 1962. The question that has been revolving around this incident is whether Jinping attacked Ladakh just to divert the attention of the people from his own failure. Did Jinping start following the path of Mao? Because the whole world, including China, knows that a full-scale war with a powerful country like India now could be a disaster for both countries. Jinping is well aware that while it is not possible to wage a full-fledged war, local wars, such as the invasion of the Galwan valley, can brighten his image to the Chinese people.
The escalation of tensions in Doklam or the repeated incursions of Chinese troops into Indian territory over the past few years support the above statement. History says war and destruction come at the hands of dictatorships, the last two world wars bear witness to it. Is China moving in that direction?
Disha Salian, Sushant Singh Rajput’s manager died barely a week before Sushant Singh Rajput. Her falling off the 14th floor during a party also goes undisputed by all news reports as ‘depression induced suicide.’
What’s common between Disha and Sushant?
Rhea Chakravarty.
Disha was representing both Sushant and Rhea. Rhea and Disha also might have spoken on the phone just before Disha died.
Notice how Sushant’s death was released to the media immediately as depression induced suicide (even before investigation began) but Rhea is still addressed by most media as ‘rumoured girlfriend.’ Much of this same media concurrently highlights Sushant’s depression.
Only when the propaganda is ignored does it become evident Sushant and Rhea were supposedly engaged, planning to marry later this year, co-owned a company and possibly property together. She was not just a friend.
Her family was actively involved in Sushant’s life, and she was living with him till three days before his death and she was also the last one Sushant called.
It is also no longer hidden that she was also Mahesh Bhatt’s ‘Muse’. Together Rhea and Bhatt’s media statements subtly and cleverly project Sushant as some kind of a nut job like Parveen Babi, another Bhatt conjuring.
According to Rhea Sushant heard voices, suggestion of schizophrenia maybe, the way Parveen Babi did, who Bhatt and the media had successfully labelled as clinically paranoid.
Between the two of them a strong image of Sushant’s deteriorating mental health, supportive girlfriend of unstable man is created. Bhatt states that on his advice Rhea finally moved out because Sushant stopped taking his medication and was psychologically circling the drain.
She deletes all his pictures from her Instagram account three days before his death. And disables comments the day he dies. Almost as if to wipe out the data trail of their relationship. Interestingly Sushant’s family does not invite her for the funeral.
Some suspiciously ‘deleted’ tweets from his account again makes an attempt to indicate suicide, and before any investigation has even begun all news reports address the death as suicide.
But it is no longer hidden that the cctv cameras were disabled the night before Sushant died. And though the Mumbai police threatened punishment to those who circulated pictures of his corpse, social media is not only pernicious its a great leveller.
Besides forensic and mental health professionals logic is pointing out that he was not throwing in the towel. He was financially stable, had projects at hand, wasn’t in debt, had partied the night before and was in good humour till even a couple of hours before death.
The marks on his neck, the position of his body and facial signs in his leaked post mortem pictures tell all. It clearly and logically points to garrotting as cause of death, possibly with his hands and legs restrained.
In all likelihood, if it were a murder, the assassin was professional. Does this presumed murderer still have Sushant’s duplicate key because it is missing. Just a few days ago Manmeet Grewal from Sushant’s acting fraternity died at home in a similar ‘depression induced suicide’, even as those close to him call him a ‘jolly’ person. Probably the same person killed Disha too.
Like serial killing, there is a pattern to these deaths. Depression induced suicide.
Now even if half of all these conjectures are true then Rhea and Bhatt are lying about the ‘mental health issue’. Therefore the breakup couldn’t have happened because he wasn’t taking his medication. She could have given a thousand other credible reasons for the breakup, incompatibility, lover’s tiff etc. But no, their script faithfully follows ‘mental health.’
So if the artist and his Muse are lying, the question is why did she really move out? And is the artist using the Muse or is the Muse using the artist?
When the suicide alibi is debunked, only the modus operandi and motive for murder needs to be ascertained.
The three most common motives for murder since time immemorial still remains true.
– [ ] crime passionel. Crimes of passion motivated by lust, revenge etc. Mahesh Bhatt would know more. – [ ] Money. Rhea would know, the boycott cabal would know. Sushant’s manager Disha would have known. – [ ] Blackmail. There may or may not be a link between the series of purported suicides before Sushant’s death, but they need close scrutiny. For in shark infested Bollywood Sushant was clearly swimming in a dark netherworld.
The Bollywood mafia is now between a rock and a hard place. If they try to sell the ‘suicide’ narrative they get called out as nepotistic abettors. The murder verdict is worse, because then they are caught red-handed.
But since the lies came from the Bollywood mafia the truth also lies with them. The media, the police, Sushant’s household staff, Rhea and Mahesh are where the lies originated.
More and more the Bollywood mafia is looking like cake eating Marie Antoinette who had distanced herself from bread eating ‘small’ folk. More and more she looks guillotine ready.
As social media storms the Bollywood Bastille how long will Mumbai police skirt the truth? Yesterday Rhea was interrogated for 9 hours. Today they are knocking on YRF’s door. What deals are being cut?
Which way will the dice fall? The plot thickens. The game is afoot.
The alliance of Dalit leaders with the Islamists is not only an unpardonable insult to Babasaheb Dr Ambedkar, it also seriously compromises the safety, welfare and developmental interests of the SC/ST/OBC communities in the following ways:
1.It distances the Dalit leaders from the interests and sentiments of their own communities
A case in point is the anti-CAA protests. The CAA fast-tracked the provision of citizenship for the non-Muslim refugees who had escaped religious persecution from the neighbouring Muslim-majority countries. Almost all of these refugees are Dalits who faced discrimination, murders, abduction, rape and forced conversions in these Muslim-majority countries.
The Islamists in India organized anti-CAA protests and riots. The most peculiar feature of these protests and riots was that even though there was no popular support, political or moral, from the ST/SC/OBC masses, many Dalit leaders joined the Islamists. Mayawati-led Bahujan Samaj Party opposed the CAA while Akhilesh Yadav-led Samajwadi Party went on to promise pension to anti-CAA protesters if it comes to power in 2022. Bhim Army leader Chandrashekhar was actively involved in organizing the protests in Delhi that turned violent.
Bhim Army leader Chandrashekhar joined anti-CAA protests.
Thus, when these leaders had to choose between the interests of Dalit communities and their own alliance with the Islamists, they unhesitatingly chose the Islamists, completely ignoring the feelings of Dalit beneficiaries of the CAA.
2. It severely limits the ability of Dalit leaders to oppose anti-Dalit violence and discrimination.
That the low-caste Hindus, even in the 21st century, face discrimination cannot be denied. Therefore, they need leaders who can stand up for them in their pursuit of justice. The Dalit-Muslim alliance forces the Dalit leaders to keep silent when the perpetrators of such anti-Dalit violence or discrimination are Muslims. Because if they speak up, the political alliance, expressed in the slogans such as “Jai Bhim-Jai MIM”, will be in immediate danger.
Those who need evidence of the impotence of these leaders in face of Muslim atrocities, may find the following cases relevant:
a.) Even after Justice Pawan Kumar committee’s report and several media reports, Dalit leaders remain silent on the large-scale forced conversions and horrific violence against Dalit men and women.
b.) 18 April 2020 : Muslim mob attacked Maha Dalit colony in Warisaliganj, Bihar. A 55 year old Dalit man Ravidas was shot dead by Mohammad Irfan, 6 other injured in the communal violence. No one cared.
Bhim Army leader Chandrashekhar, instead of demanding strict action on the rioters, warned Dalits of “the hidden agenda of RSS” and complained, “ I am working for the unity of the weaker sections. Some people are conspiring to break this unity”.
d.) 12 June 2020 : The brutal Rituparna Pegu murder in Guwahati, Assam by four Muslim men in broad daylight was a non-issue for the Dalit organizations outside the North-east.
These are only a few instances among many, where the “Jai Bhim – Jai MIM” brigade kept silent. If the perpetrators were upper-caste Hindus, the scenario would have been entirely different.
When an upper-caste man refused to eat food prepared by a lower-caste cook at a quarantine centre, it was an arrogant display of casteism. When a Muslim man did the same, it was a non-issue.
3. It forces them to focus more on deceptive propaganda rather than genuine cases of discrimination.
In order to shield their Islamist collaborators from the criticism and antipathy of the ordinary members of the SC/ST/OBC communities (such as myself), these leaders and parties find themselves in dire need of deceptive propaganda. Thus they spread fake news (and sometimes even fake “fact-checks” ) and half-truths, in addition to the genuine cases, to bombard Dalits with news of anti-Dalit discrimination by upper-castes.
It is also seen that wherever caste-based discrimination is done by a non-Brahmin, non-Rajput caste, it is often simply ignored as that doesn’t fit into the Brahmanvaad scheme.
Since the accused are not “Savarna”, this incident is not politically useful. Hence, conveniently ignored by the SJWs.
4. It completely shadows the most real and urgent issues of the Dalit/Adivasi communities.
Ideally, our leaders must be most passionate about speeding up the process of upliftment of these communities from poverty and backwardness. In reality, this is not the case.
These leaders and parties use (waste) the energy and resources of their organizations on promoting the Islamist agenda, which have no real connection with the Dalit masses. The focus should be on quality-education, health-care including family planning, research and development of distinct tribal arts, medicine, languages and culture, strong anti-conversion laws and so on.
If a large section of Dalits/Adivasis are poor and backward, our leaders have no moral right to expect us to join their mad endeavour of Dalit-Muslim unity. We simply cannot afford to leave our real issues behind just to support an ideology that gives us the options to “convert, leave or die” wherever and whenever it becomes dominant.
“Die Religion….ist des opium des volkes” i.e Religion is opium of people, said an economist and political thinker whose ideology is dispersed in the air of JNU and JU, Karl Marx. Historically the left- liberals or communists maintained aloofness form religion, but as there is always an Indian touch to everything this is not the case in India.
Atheist-leftist a masquerade
An Atheist is a person who deny the existence of God and religious belief and religions, but this is not the case in our country. Atheism here means, who hates Hinduism to core and wants to destroy all our traditions and belief. All atheist, mostly Marxists use the cover of atheism to hide their Hindu hatred and their secret romance with Islamists.
A Poster during anti-caa protests.
These hypocrites of highest order uses all kind of slurs against Hindus like Sanghi, Manuwadi, Hindu facist etc. and claims to stand with secularism. We all are aware of the Naxalite and their collaboration with PFI, they dreams of a their unholly alliance with islamists to destroy our culture, traditions, beliefs and our civilization. We all know the reason why Islamists and Abrahamics are against us, but the leftists cleverly hide this Abhrahamic facade in the form of atheism.
Modus Operandi
The method these so called atheist use is to defame and divert all the societal problems on Brahmins and upper castes. Their Brahmin hate is just a cover up for their much rooted Hindu hate. They will abuse our scriptures like Manusmriti and will call it racist and misogynist. They will call our Gods Misogynist and will call them invaders and all kinds of name,they will make Blasphemous remarks on them. They abuse our festivals blames Diwali for air pollution and Holi for eve teasing and water wastage. They worshiped Mahishasur and continues to do so.
Graffiti in JNU.
Their another strategy is to propagate these anti-hindu ,atheist comrades as public hero. We all know how well a famous poet fools people as an Atheist- leftist.
We remember “Hum Dekhenge” incident during the anti -caa protests, leftists( islamists) and so called intellectuals tried to build the narrative that the nazm is not anti-hindu by arguing that Faiz Ahmed Faiz was a communist who was anti – establishment , but the truth is that he like all of them was not different. The lines goes like ” sab but(idols) uthae jayenge bas nam rahega allah ka.” Which is clearly anti- hindu and conveyed the message which was to be given.
How to counter them
We need to call them out who they really are, not what they pretend to be. Kanhaiya Kumar is Communist but Umar Khalid and other are not- they are Islamist hiding behind the cover of communist. We need to start our ideological narrative in elite universities, the need of the hour is to change our books which is incliend towards the Islamist – Marxist nexus to Hindutva to build the narrative. The history needs to be written again.
BCCI president Sourav Ganguly‘s elder brother and Cricket Association of Bengal (CAB) secretary Snehasish Ganguly on Saturday clarified that he is fully fit. However, he has not said anything about his wife, mother-in-law and servant being corona positive.
Earlier, there were reports in the media that the corona report of Snehashish Ganguly’s wife and her in-laws had come positive. They were all living in Mominpur instead of Ganguly’s ancestral home in Behala. The servant working in the Mominpur house has also been found to be Corona positive. Snehasish’s report has come negative, but he has quarantined himself at home.
Snehasish, who has represented Bengal in the Ranji Trophy, said, “I am fully fit and going to the office every day.”
The CAB secretary said, “Everything that is happening in the media about my illness is completely baseless. Such news is not expected at such a time. “
He said, “Hopefully after this, such untrue and baseless news will come to an end, which only serves to spread sensation.” “
Earlier reports had said that Snehashish’s wife and her mother-in-law and father-in-law had complained of cold and fever. Everyone’s symptoms were similar to those of Corona. Everyone’s corona test was done. All three reports were positive. After this, wife, mother-in-law and father-in-law and servant were admitted to nursing homes. The doctors of the nursing home said that at present, the health of the four patients is fine. They will again undergo a corona test. It will be decided to discharge them only on the basis of his report.
Meanwhile, the Sourav Ganguly Foundation has again shown generosity towards those battling the Covid-19 epidemic. The Ganguly Foundation has joined hands with chocolate and chewing gum company Mars Riggle to help doctors, healthcare providers and caregivers working during the Covid-19 epidemic.
According to the statement, “Health care workers persevere in the current convention as warriors for the safety and well-being of others. In an effort to appreciate his spirit and hard work, BCCI President Sourav Ganguly has presented a gift including ‘Mars Riggly’ products to the West Bengal Doctors Forum. Chocolates were distributed to the entire COVID department of the Medica Super Specialty Hospital. According to this, ‘this small effort was a collective way of saying thank you.’
